Meet the editors

Kai Seng, KOH, is an assistant professor in chemical engineering at Heriot-Watt University, Malaysia. He has a broad range of academic as well as industrial interests, including microscale fluid dynamics, multiphase flow, microelectromechanical device packaging of design and fabrication, energetic material synthesis and characterization, and life science applications using the technology of droplet microfluidics. Dr. Koh currently resides

in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, with his family and travels to different countries for research inspiration.

Voon-Loong Wong completed his PhD studies at the University of Nottingham in 2015. Currently, he is an assistant professor of chemical engineering at Heriot-Watt University Putrajaya, Malaysia Campus. His research mainly focuses on the formation of microdroplets with non-Newtonian characteristics in microreactors for rheological applications in drug delivery systems. Among his research interests, he focuses on computational fluid

dynamics analysis of the droplet interface evolution with a level set approach using COMSOL Multiphysics. He is also actively involved in a range of collaborative projects that relate to separation processes, wastewater treatment, microfluidics, drug delivery systems, and biomedical applications using microfluidics technology.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

Nanoparticles

Their Applications

*and Lesego Tshweu*

with Mesquite Gum

*and Lingayya Hiremath*

**Section 3**

Systems

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Properties **11**

**Chapter 2 13**

**Chapter 3 31**

Fabrications **43**

**Chapter 4 45**

**Chapter 5 65**

Introductory Chapter: From Microemulsions to Nanoemulsions

*In vitro* Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Metal Oxide

*by Alejandro L. Vega-Jiménez, América R. Vázquez-Olmos, Enrique Acosta-Gío and Marco Antonio Álvarez-Pérez*

*by Lebogang Katata-Seru, Bathabile Ramalapa* 

Nanoformulated Delivery Systems of Essential Nutraceuticals and

Development of Nano-Emulsions of Essential Citrus Oil Stabilized

*by Maira Berenice Moreno-Trejo, Arturo Adrián Rodríguez-Rodríguez,* 

An Update on Nanoemulsions Using Nanosized Liquid in Liquid Colloidal

*Ángela Suarez-Jacobo and Margarita Sánchez-Domínguez*

*by Praveen Kumar Gupta, Nividha Bhandari, Hardik N. Shah, Vartika Khanchandani, R. Keerthana, Vidhyavathy Nagarajan* 

*by Koh Kai Seng and Wong Voon Loong*
