**Author details**

Su Zhao and Dengming Xiao\* Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

\*Address all correspondence to: dmxiao@sjtu.edu.cn

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**125**

*Research Progress on Synergistic Effect between Insulation Gas Mixtures*

lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species. Science. 1993;**259**(5092):194-199

1990;**95**(D5):5577-5585

[11] Reilly J, Prinn R, Harnisch J, et al. Multi-gas assessment of the Kyoto protocol. Nature. 1999;**401**(6753):549

[12] Chantry PJ, Wootton RE. A critique of methods for calculating the dielectric strength of gas mixtures. Journal of Applied Physics. 1981;**52**(4):2731-2739

[13] Christophorou LG, James DR, Mathis RA. Dielectric gas mixtures with polar components. Journal of Physics D:

Applied Physics. 1981;**14**(4):675

pp. 243-252

[14] Okubo H, Hayakawa N. Dielectric characteristics and electrical insulation design techniques of gases and gas mixtures as alternatives to SF6. In: Gaseous Dielectrics X. Springer; 2004.

[15] Yamada T, Ishida T, Hayakawa N, et al. Partial discharge and breakdown mechanisms in ultra-dilute SF6 and PFC gases with N2 gas. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2002;**35**(21):2760-2765

[16] Osmokrovic P, Stojkanovic M, Stankovic K, et al. Synergistic effect of SF6 and N2 gas mixtures on the dynamics of electrical breakdown. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics

and Electrical Insulation. 2012;**19**(2):677-688

[17] Hayakawa N, Yoshitake Y, Koshino N, et al. Impulse partial discharge characteristics and their mechanisms under non-uniform

[10] Rinsland CP, Brown LR, Farmer CB. Infrared spectroscopic detection of sulfur-hexafluoride (SF6) in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90705*

[1] Koch H, Hopkins M. Overview of gas insulated lines (GIL). In: IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[2] Yunkun D. Basic Research of the Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas CF3I for its Application in Electric Power Apparatus [PhD Thesis]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 2016

[3] Hertz W, Motschmann H, Wittel H. Investigations of the properties of SF6 as an arc quenching medium. Proceedings

of the IEEE. 1971;**59**(4):485-492

[5] Abdelsalam M, Abdellah M. Dielectric strength of compressed insulating gases and their mixtures. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1978;**IA-14**(6):516-522

1980. pp. 32-42

1979;**50**(11):6789-6796

2018;**25**(4):1364-1370

[8] Zhao S, Xiao D, Xue P, et al. Analysis of insulation performance

[9] Ravishankara AR, Solomon S, Turnipseed AA, et al. Atmospheric

and polar effect of CF3I/CO2 mixtures. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[6] Wootton RE, Chantry PJ. A critique of methods for calculating the dielectric strength of gas mixtures and a proposed test for, η-synergism. In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics. Knoxville, USA;

[7] Kline LE, Davies D, Chen C, et al. Dielectric properties for SF6 and SF6 mixtures predicted from basic data. Journal of Applied Physics.

Theophilus GD, et al. Prebreakdown phenomenon in SF6-N2 mixtures at various pressures. Electrical insulation. In: 1978 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation. 1978. pp. 140-145

[4] Malik NH, Qureshi AH,

2005. pp. 940-944

**References**

*Research Progress on Synergistic Effect between Insulation Gas Mixtures DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90705*

## **References**

*Modern Applications of Electrostatics and Dielectrics*

mixing with N2.

negative synergistic to synergistic effect.

starting voltage decreases.

**Author details**

China

Su Zhao and Dengming Xiao\*

\*Address all correspondence to: dmxiao@sjtu.edu.cn

provided the original work is properly cited.

consensus of countries on the development of low-carbon clean energy systems, it is imperative to use new environmental friendly insulating gas in power equipment. Looking for SF6 replacement gas will also be a continuing research hotspot in the field of electrical engineering. According to the current research status, the replacement of SF6 by single gas and its application in gas insulation equipment is still in the laboratory research stage. The use of an electronegative gas mixed with a buffer gas is a well-feasible solution. This paper reviews the research status of the synergistic effect of insulating gas mixtures including SF6 gas. It has been found that some achievements have been made in the process and mechanism of synergistic effect, the types of synergistic effects under different conditions, and their influencing factors:

1.SF6, c-C4F8, CF3I, and C4F7N gas all have synergistic effects when mixed with various buffer gases. SF6/N2 gas mixture will have negative synergistic effect under the lightning impulse. The synergistic effect of the gas mixture composed of c-C4F8, CF3I and C4F7N and CO2 is more significant than that after

2.The synergistic effect of gas mixture is affected by the type of gas and external conditions such as gas pressure, electric field type, voltage type, etc. The synergistic effect of the same gas mixture may change with the change of external conditions, such as from synergistic effect to negative synergistic or from

3.The synergistic effect of the gas mixture has a certain relationship with the electronic transport parameters. However, since the assumptions of the parameter calculation differ greatly from the external conditions of the experimental measurements, the interpretation of the synergistic effect is not universal.

4.The synergistic effect of gas mixture has a relationship with the discharge pattern. When synergistic effect occurs, the initial discharge voltage of the streamer discharge rises. When negative synergistic phenomenon occurs, the streamer discharge gradually changes to leader discharge, and the discharge

Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

**124**

[1] Koch H, Hopkins M. Overview of gas insulated lines (GIL). In: IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. 2005. pp. 940-944

[2] Yunkun D. Basic Research of the Environmentally Friendly Insulating Gas CF3I for its Application in Electric Power Apparatus [PhD Thesis]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University; 2016

[3] Hertz W, Motschmann H, Wittel H. Investigations of the properties of SF6 as an arc quenching medium. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1971;**59**(4):485-492

[4] Malik NH, Qureshi AH, Theophilus GD, et al. Prebreakdown phenomenon in SF6-N2 mixtures at various pressures. Electrical insulation. In: 1978 IEEE International Conference on Electrical Insulation. 1978. pp. 140-145

[5] Abdelsalam M, Abdellah M. Dielectric strength of compressed insulating gases and their mixtures. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 1978;**IA-14**(6):516-522

[6] Wootton RE, Chantry PJ. A critique of methods for calculating the dielectric strength of gas mixtures and a proposed test for, η-synergism. In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Gaseous Dielectrics. Knoxville, USA; 1980. pp. 32-42

[7] Kline LE, Davies D, Chen C, et al. Dielectric properties for SF6 and SF6 mixtures predicted from basic data. Journal of Applied Physics. 1979;**50**(11):6789-6796

[8] Zhao S, Xiao D, Xue P, et al. Analysis of insulation performance and polar effect of CF3I/CO2 mixtures. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 2018;**25**(4):1364-1370

[9] Ravishankara AR, Solomon S, Turnipseed AA, et al. Atmospheric lifetimes of long-lived halogenated species. Science. 1993;**259**(5092):194-199

[10] Rinsland CP, Brown LR, Farmer CB. Infrared spectroscopic detection of sulfur-hexafluoride (SF6) in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 1990;**95**(D5):5577-5585

[11] Reilly J, Prinn R, Harnisch J, et al. Multi-gas assessment of the Kyoto protocol. Nature. 1999;**401**(6753):549

[12] Chantry PJ, Wootton RE. A critique of methods for calculating the dielectric strength of gas mixtures. Journal of Applied Physics. 1981;**52**(4):2731-2739

[13] Christophorou LG, James DR, Mathis RA. Dielectric gas mixtures with polar components. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 1981;**14**(4):675

[14] Okubo H, Hayakawa N. Dielectric characteristics and electrical insulation design techniques of gases and gas mixtures as alternatives to SF6. In: Gaseous Dielectrics X. Springer; 2004. pp. 243-252

[15] Yamada T, Ishida T, Hayakawa N, et al. Partial discharge and breakdown mechanisms in ultra-dilute SF6 and PFC gases with N2 gas. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2002;**35**(21):2760-2765

[16] Osmokrovic P, Stojkanovic M, Stankovic K, et al. Synergistic effect of SF6 and N2 gas mixtures on the dynamics of electrical breakdown. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 2012;**19**(2):677-688

[17] Hayakawa N, Yoshitake Y, Koshino N, et al. Impulse partial discharge characteristics and their mechanisms under non-uniform

electric field in N2/SF6 gas mixtures. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 2005;**12**(5):1035-1042

[18] Chen Q, Xiao D, Qiu Y. Discharge characteristics of SF6/N2 gas mixture. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University. 2001;**35**(4):338-342

[19] Nakanishi K. New gaseous insulation. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation. 1986;**EI-21**(6): 933-937

[20] Takuma T, Watanabe T, Kita K. Breakdown characteristics of compressed-gas mixtures in nearly uniform fields. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. 1972;**119**(7):927-928

[21] Guo C, Zhang Q, Ma J, et al. Negative synergistic effect of SF6/N2 gas mixtures in non-uniform electric field under lightning impulse. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 2018;**25**(4):1393-1402

[22] Zhao S, Jiao J, Zhao X, et al. Synergistic effect of c-C4F8/N2 gas mixtures in slightly non-uniform electric field under lightning impulse. In: IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. IEEE; 2016. pp. 531-534

[23] Xing W, Zhang G, Li K, et al. Experimental study of partial discharge characteristics of C4F8/N2 mixtures. Proceeding of the CSEE. 2011;**31**(7):119-124

[24] Yamamoto O, Takuma T, Hamada H, et al. Applying a gas mixture containing c-C4F8 as an insulation medium. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 2001;**8**(6):1075-1081

[25] Zhao S, Xiao D, Xue P, et al. Experimental research on polarity effect of CF3I/N2 mixtures under

lightning impulse. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 2018;**25**(4):1357-1362

[26] De Urquijo J, Juárez AM, Basurto E, et al. Electron impact ionization and attachment, drift velocities and longitudinal diffusion in CF3I and CF3I–N2 mixtures. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2007;**40**(7):2205

[27] Jiao J, Xiao D, Zhao S, et al. Insulation characteristics for CF3I-CO2 gas mixtures with low proportion of CF3I in extreme non-uniform electric field. High Voltage Engineering. 2017;**43**(3):772-779

[28] Xu L, Cheng L, Du W, et al. Analysis of the insulation characteristic of CF3I ternary gas mixture using Boltzmann equation. High Voltage Engineering. 2017;**43**(3):721-726

[29] Li Y, Zhang X, Xiao S, et al. Decomposition properties of C4F7N/ N2 gas mixture: An environmentally friendly gas to replace SF6. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2018;**57**(14):5173-5182

[30] Hu S, Zhou W, Zheng Y, et al. Power Frequency Breakdown Experiments and Synergistic Effect Analysis of C4F7N/ CO2 and C4F7N/N2 Mixtures. High Voltage Engineering. In press

[31] Zheng Y, Yan X, Chen W, et al. Calculation of electrical insulation of C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas by avalanche characteristics of pure gas. Plasma Research Express. 2019:025013

*Modern Applications of Electrostatics and Dielectrics*

lightning impulse. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

[26] De Urquijo J, Juárez AM, Basurto E, et al. Electron impact ionization and attachment, drift velocities and longitudinal diffusion in CF3I and CF3I–N2 mixtures. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics. 2007;**40**(7):2205

[28] Xu L, Cheng L, Du W, et al. Analysis of the insulation characteristic of CF3I ternary gas mixture using Boltzmann equation. High Voltage Engineering.

[30] Hu S, Zhou W, Zheng Y, et al. Power Frequency Breakdown Experiments and Synergistic Effect Analysis of C4F7N/ CO2 and C4F7N/N2 Mixtures. High Voltage Engineering. In press

[31] Zheng Y, Yan X, Chen W, et al. Calculation of electrical insulation of C4F7N/CO2 mixed gas by avalanche characteristics of pure gas. Plasma Research Express. 2019:025013

[27] Jiao J, Xiao D, Zhao S, et al. Insulation characteristics for CF3I-CO2 gas mixtures with low proportion of CF3I in extreme non-uniform electric field. High Voltage Engineering.

2017;**43**(3):772-779

2017;**43**(3):721-726

2018;**57**(14):5173-5182

[29] Li Y, Zhang X, Xiao S, et al. Decomposition properties of C4F7N/ N2 gas mixture: An environmentally friendly gas to replace SF6. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.

2018;**25**(4):1357-1362

electric field in N2/SF6 gas mixtures. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics

[18] Chen Q, Xiao D, Qiu Y. Discharge characteristics of SF6/N2 gas mixture. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University.

[19] Nakanishi K. New gaseous insulation. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation. 1986;**EI-21**(6):

[20] Takuma T, Watanabe T,

1972;**119**(7):927-928

Kita K. Breakdown characteristics of compressed-gas mixtures in nearly uniform fields. Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers.

[21] Guo C, Zhang Q, Ma J, et al. Negative synergistic effect of SF6/N2 gas mixtures in non-uniform electric field under lightning impulse. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics

and Electrical Insulation. 2018;**25**(4):1393-1402

[22] Zhao S, Jiao J, Zhao X, et al. Synergistic effect of c-C4F8/N2 gas mixtures in slightly non-uniform electric field under lightning impulse.

In: IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. IEEE; 2016. pp. 531-534

[24] Yamamoto O, Takuma T,

[25] Zhao S, Xiao D, Xue P, et al. Experimental research on polarity effect of CF3I/N2 mixtures under

Hamada H, et al. Applying a gas mixture containing c-C4F8 as an insulation medium. IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation.

2011;**31**(7):119-124

2001;**8**(6):1075-1081

[23] Xing W, Zhang G, Li K, et al. Experimental study of partial discharge characteristics of C4F8/N2 mixtures. Proceeding of the CSEE.

and Electrical Insulation. 2005;**12**(5):1035-1042

2001;**35**(4):338-342

933-937

**126**

*Edited by Dengming Xiao and Krishnaswamy Sankaran*

Electrostatics and dielectric materials have important applications in modern society. As such, they require improved characteristics. More and more equipment needs to operate at high frequency, high voltage, high temperature, and other harsh conditions. This book presents an overview of modern applications of electrostatics and dielectrics as well as research progress in the field.

Published in London, UK © 2020 IntechOpen © FactoryTh / iStock

Modern Applications of Electrostatics and Dielectrics

Modern Applications of

Electrostatics and Dielectrics

*Edited by Dengming Xiao* 

*and Krishnaswamy Sankaran*