INA Early Intervention for Babies at Risk DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83610

development of neural circuits through better brain perfusion and sensory-motor

In warm water, increased environmental pressure advances deep lung ventilation and higher lymphatic and venous return from the periphery; higher levels of blood and lymph entering the heart's right atrium cause slight bradycardia, producing a calming effect; most important for these infants, the water buoyant force causes the proprioceptors to cease registration of gravity; and an automatic reduction of muscle tone ensues. The benefits of reduced muscle tone linger for some hours following immersion. In these beneficial conditions, training is most effective both for sensory, emotional, and neuromotor purposes, and active parent role in

Training with young babies at risk, in an aquatic setting, may not cure severe brain

This was our basic concept when we started our journey into the project, yet our findings showed us that our training protocol may have a deep neuro-power, more

Neurodevelopmental syndromes are a continuously growing issue. These are impairments in the growth and development of the brain and CNS which appear in a variety of emotional, cognitive, motor, and social skills. One most important question when diagnosing and treating young children concerns the critical developmental time window through which chances for improvement would be strongest. Considering the fragility of young babies who are at developmental risk and the general tendency to postpone definite developmental diagnosis, the consideration of intervention should include neurological background of developmental mile stones. During fetal development, a temporary assembly progresses in the subcortical future white matter, situated between the intermediate zone and the developing cortical plate, named cortical subplate [16]. As widely described in our recent paper [17], the subplate is thickest around the time of high production of oligodendrocyte father cells (29 weeks PMA), and is absorbed gradually until around 4 months postterm, with relocation of fiber terminals into the cortex [18, 19]. Most of its networks run through the (future) periventricular white matter. The size and duration of the subplate visibility correspond with cortical fiber complexity, being considered a recent phylogenetic structure that enables the increasing complexity of cortical circuitry [20]. The cortical subplate is a transmission complex for the neural projections of the developing cortical circuits and a regulating component that orchestrates neural network activity [21, 22]. Hence, subplate neurons are important for precise wiring and functionality of the cerebral cortex—they make initial temporary synapses between thalamic axons and their destinations in the early C4 layer [23].

SCP neurons, with their numerous synaptic contacts, are important factors that

Neurodevelopmental impairments range from MND (minimal brain deficit) to ASD (autism spectrum disorder) and CP (cerebral palsy) [28–34]. Despite recent

influence cortical development and ripening [24–26]. In the time gap of their presence, the SCP neural circuits are prone to hypoxic insult [27], which may cause long-term influence on brain development and functional deficits in various aspects. The time window of SCP circuits' high action is also the time window when

young infants born premature make their first surviving out of utero.

1.3 Neurodevelopmental impairments

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lesions such as cerebral palsy; however, implying specific training approaches in specific developmental time windows may allow early effective intervention [11–15]

training [1, 2, 9, 10].

than we could foresee.

this process is an additional advantage.

Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorder

which may eventually improve brain development.

1.2 Early brain development and brain lesions

technological and scientific advance, there is currently no cure for severe neurodevelopmental impairments. However, various therapies may reduce the traumatic effect of brain lesions when diagnosed and treated during specific time windows in early infancy. Hence, the first weeks of baby's life may be critical for brain development through early and effective intervention.

The babies participating in our study were born premature and participated in this research during cortical subplate activity time window. Average birth percentage of preterm babies is around 10% and it is continuously rising. Prematurity is the global second frequent cause of death among babies. Although new medical tools enable more premature babies to live, many are at high risk for brain damage [29, 33, 35, 36] and neurodevelopmental insults [30, 34].

For example, cerebral palsy in premature neonates is caused mainly by developmental brain injury at the white matter of the brain—periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), due to bleeding in the brain (IVH, ICH), oxygen or blood deprivation (hypoxia, anoxia) in the brain [29, 32, 33]. Periventricular leucomalacia may cause severe, long-term damage to brain tissue [37–40]. Common symptoms of CP include lack of muscle coordination while performing voluntary movements (ataxia), and stiff or tight muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity) with associated cognitive impairments.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is the joint name for neurodevelopmental impairments characterized by abnormal social interaction, communication, limited range of activities and areas of interest [41], and typical motor impairments [42–53]. Being considered as sharing a similar mechanistic basis [54], previous ASD subcategories were unified under DSM5 (2013), and the classification today is based on severity of symptoms and level of disability.

There is a remarkable increase in the number of children diagnosed with ASD over the past 30 years, from less than 0.1% [55, 56] to 1% [57] and more. Among infants at risk, premature infants have a five times higher risk of developing ASD, and a significantly high incidence of autistic symptoms was identified in premature infants [58, 59]. Changes in diagnostic criteria, different assessment tools, and increased public awareness may be only partially responsible for the increase in ASD epidemiology [60]. Studies indicate that genetic, neurological [59, 61–66], and environmental [67–72] factors are involved in the emergence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Prenatal exposure to particulate matter solid fuels and traffic-related air pollutants, especially in the third trimester of prenatal development [67], link the ambient epigenetic aspects with internal genetic vulnerability due to lower, enzymatically based, removal ability of harmful remnants from infant's body. Indeed, these findings are in agreement with recent neurological understanding about the developmental time window of subcortical plate (SCP) during late prenatal and early postnatal period.

Early and effective intervention, through the important developmental time window of cortical subplate activity, may minimize neurological and functional deficits.
