**5.2 Older adult drivers**

*Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective*

tions (i.e. income and wealth, job and earnings and housing) [29].

depressive symptoms in late life [30].

social and productive activities [32].

to monitor vital signs [34].

**driving**

**5.1 Driving task**

**4. Successful ageing**

According to the 'Six-factor Model of Psychological Well-being', six factors contribute to an individual's psychological well-being, contentment, and happiness [28]. This includes positive relationships with others, personal mastery, autonomy, a feeling of purpose and meaning in life, and personal growth and development [28]. Quality of life is inextricably connected to well-being. As defined by the OECD, well-being can be defined/measured in relation to (1) quality of life (i.e. health status, personal security, social connection and participation/activity, work/life balance, subjective well-being, environmental quality, etc.), and (2) material condi-

Self-efficacy is defined as a person's belief in his or her own ability to accomplishing a task or succeeding in specific situations. One's sense of self-efficacy can play a major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges. The promotion of self-efficacy is a key element for success in interventions designed to reduce

The beginning of old age is between the age of 60 or 65 [31]. Definitions of old age are multi-dimensional and include a combination of chronological, functional and social definitions [31]. Older adults are a highly heterogeneous group. Often, older adults are segmented based on factors such as ageing phases, levels of fitness, severity of physical limitations, mobility patterns and social activities. According to Rowe and Kahn, successful ageing is multidimensional, encompassing the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of high physical and cognitive function, and sustained engagement in

The prevalence of mental health issues is high in older adults as compared with the general population [30]. Older adults are at risk for developing anxiety and depression, given increased frailty, medical illnesses and medication and the potential for loss, reduced social connection and trauma (arising from injuries/accidents such as falls). On the other hand, younger older people are generally happier with a strong happiness increase around the age of 60 followed by a major decline after 75 [33]. Growth in ageing populations is a global trend. In Japan, Taiwan and Singapore, governments are defining smart ageing strategies to ensure that the growing ageing population ages well. This includes the promotion of multi-generational living, awareness of Dementia and other age-related health conditions and smart devices

**5. Driving task, older adult drivers and health conditions impacting on** 

The driving is not a task isolated from everyday life. It occurs for a purpose (to get to somewhere, to see the scenery, etc.) and is often undertaken in parallel with other activities (for example, talking, listening to the radio, singing, planning-ahead and eating). The driving task involves a complex and rapidly repeating cycle that requires a level of skill and the ability to interact with both the vehicle and the external environment at the same time [5]. Information about the road environment is obtained via the visual and auditory senses. The information is operated on by many cognitive and behavioural processes including short and long-term memory and judgement,

**22**

It is estimated that by 2030, a quarter of all drivers will be older than 65 [36]. Further, by 2030, more than 90% of men over 70 will be driving [37]. Research indicates a general increase in both car access and licensing rates in the older population [38]. This increase is mainly attributable to significant increases in the number of older female drivers [38].

A number of studies have sought to categorise older adults in terms of their physical abilities [39] their economic, geographic/spatial and activity patterns [40], use of cars as a transportation mode [41], and lifestyles and associated requirements in relation to transport services [42]. The most nuanced categorisation is that of the GOAL project which proposes five distinctive profiles or segments of older people [43]. The segments take demographics, physical and mental health characteristics, social life, living environment, mobility-related aspects and transition points into account. The five profiles differ significantly according to age and level of activity/ mobility and health [43]. They include.

