**8. Key findings/results**

### **8.1 Segmenting older adult drivers and role of new technology**

Nine end user profiles have been identified—see **Table 3**. Specific system goals/ requirements are associated with different profiles. It is suggested that the proposed solution might target profiles 1–7, and potentially profile 9.

### **8.2 Driving scenarios and ethical issues**

The different driver scenarios as defined in **Table 1** raise a myriad of ethical questions—in addition to legal issues and issues pertaining to societal/user acceptability. For example,

**29**

**Interpretation challenge**

1 2 3

Distraction and concurrent task

management

4 5 6 **Table 1.**

*Interpretation challenges and scenarios.*

Heart attack/stroke

Fatigue and drowsiness

Intoxication—alcohol/drugs/related

medical conditions

Many medical conditions and drugs also manifest this way

Other drugs and some medical conditions manifest similarly

Addresses fear factor—which may discourage older drivers from driving

driver behaviour

Activation/"flow"

Task support/feedback

**Explanation of the interpretation challenge**

Addresses driving challenges and typical supports required

Incorporates multiple psychological states: stress/anger/excitement/workload/engagement

Addresses age-related cognitive and perceptual challenges including driver difficulties and

including driver difficulties and driver behaviour

*Ethical Issues in the New Digital Era: The Case of Assisting Driving*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88371*

**Scenario examples**

Parking support

Navigational assistance

Assistance changing lanes

Flow/enjoying drive

Stress given traffic delays

Intelligent driving

Distraction from mobile phone ringing

Talking with passenger/checking GPS

directions and driving

Fatigue

Alcohol

Prescription drugs

Heart attack

Stroke


### *Ethical Issues in the New Digital Era: The Case of Assisting Driving DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88371*

*Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective*

For more information, please see Appendix B.

3.Driver feels stressed given traffic delays

7.Sudden advent of acute medical event

1.Driver is enjoying drive—everything going well

2.Driver is distracted by their mobile phone ringing

4.Driver has taken pain medications and is drowsy

5.Driver is fatigued after long day minding grandchildren

6.Driver is having difficulty parking (visual judgement)

8.Driver is having difficulty remembering the correct route

As indicated in **Table 1**, the different scenarios were classified in terms of

Following this, the scenarios were associated with specific user profiles and

Lastly, the specific scenarios were further decomposed in relation to (1) a time sequence/text narrative, (2) the sensing framework and behaviour of sensor

Nine end user profiles have been identified—see **Table 3**. Specific system goals/ requirements are associated with different profiles. It is suggested that the proposed

The different driver scenarios as defined in **Table 1** raise a myriad of ethical questions—in addition to legal issues and issues pertaining to societal/user accept-

technology and machine learning, and (3) multi-modal communications.

**8.1 Segmenting older adult drivers and role of new technology**

solution might target profiles 1–7, and potentially profile 9.

**8.2 Driving scenarios and ethical issues**

9.Driver has taken alcohol and is over the legal limit

monitoring).

approach). These include:

interpretation challenges.

**8. Key findings/results**

ability. For example,

personae (see **Table 2**).

9.Older adults who have never driven a car (never drivers)

10.These nine profiles reflect 'ideal categories' based on the explicit project goals (safety, driver persistence, driver experience/enjoyment and health several

These profiles were then decomposed into a series of personae. Each persona included information about the older adult's goals, their ability and health, medications, typical driving routines, typical driving behaviours and driver pain-points.

In parallel, several scenarios were defined. These scenarios followed from (1) the project goals (i.e. top down approach) and, (2) specific driving challenges and older adult driver behaviours, as identified in the literature review (i.e. bottom up

**28**

**Table 1.** *Interpretation challenges and scenarios.*


**Table 2.**

*Interpretation challenges, scenarios, user profiles and personae.*


**31**

*Ethical Issues in the New Digital Era: The Case of Assisting Driving*

**# User profile Goals/role of new technology**

Driving enabling life-long mobility Monitor driver's task and driver's capability

provide task assistance to ensure safety Promote confidence for older driver

As (1) and…

As (1) and…

As (1) and…

As (1) and…

As (1) and…

As (1) and…

onset of medical event

assistance to optimise safety

As (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5)

condition

Monitor driver states that impact on driver capability and

Promote comfortable, enjoyable and safe driver experience

Technology directly addresses causes of self-regulation

New car directly addresses challenges associated with

Monitor driver state in relation to specific medical condition, and provide task assistance to ensure safety

New tech might monitor conditions and provide feedback—continue with licence/evidence, keep safe

New tech might monitor conditions and provide feedback New tech might take relevant action based on detection of

Monitor driver state and health condition and provide task

Motivate to buy car/learn to drive, given protections provided by new car and associated driver experience

• Should the system determine the level of automation/assistance, or the older adult?

N/A

• How is information about the health status of the driver, their driving chal-

• Who has access to driver profiles, health information and incident information?

Overall, there is much overlap between ethical issues and legal issues. There is also much commonality between ethical issues and user acceptability/societal issues. Further, many of the ethical and societal/user acceptability issues are also HMI/human factors issues (for example, handover of control and role of the older adult in the system, etc.). In principle, ethical issues and issues concerning societal/user acceptability pertain to all profiles as defined previously. Critically, these ethical issues have meaning in the context of different degrees of automation. Some issues pertain to the specific

• Should the driver be able to take control of the car at any point?

lenges, driving routines and any driving events being stored?

For a full list of issues, please see Appendix C.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88371*

1 Older adults in optimal health and driving as normal.

2 Older adults who regulate their driving in relation to addressing specific driving challenges

3 Older adults who are currently driving but have a medical condition that impacts on their ability to drive

4 Continuing drivers—older adults who have continued to drive with a progressing condition—but have concerns in relation to medical fitness to drive and are at risk of giving up

5 Older adults who are currently driving and at risk of sudden disabling/

6 Older adults who have stopped driving on a temporary basis

7 Older adults who have stopped driving (ex-drivers) before it is necessary

8 Older adults who have stopped when it

9 Older adults who have never driven a car (never drivers)

medical event

is necessary

**Table 3.**

*User profiles and goals.*

• What level of impairment is acceptable for an older driver to keep driving?


*Ethical Issues in the New Digital Era: The Case of Assisting Driving DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88371*

**Table 3.**

*Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective*

assistance with parking

2 Activation/flow Flow 4. Continuing drivers: older adults

3 Fatigue and drowsiness Fatigue 1. Older adults in optimal health

Concurrent Task Management

5 Intoxication Alcohol 1. Older adults in optimal health

6 Heart attack/stroke Heart attack 5. Older adults who are currently

1 Task support/feedback Driver needs

4 Distraction and concurrent task management

**Interpretation challenge Scenario Profile Personae**

2. Older adults who regulate their driving in relation to managing specific driving challenges and/ or stressful (difficult) driving situations (perceived safety risk or

who have continued to drive with a progressing condition, but have concerns in relation to medical fitness to drive and are at risk of

driving and at risk of sudden disabling/medical event

driving in relation to managing specific driving challenges and/ or stressful (difficult) driving situations (perceived safety risk or

driving in relation to managing specific driving challenges and/ or stressful (difficult) driving situations (perceived safety risk or

3. Older adults who are currently driving but have a medical condition that impacts on their

Mary

Sarah/James

Louise

Mary

Tom

Richard

James

Rory

Brian

Louise

Elizabeth/Sam

complexity)

giving up

Stress 5. Older adults who are currently

Intelligent driving 2. Older adults who regulate their

complexity).

Distraction 2. Older adults who regulate their

complexity)

ability to drive

Prescription drugs 5. Older adults who are currently

Stroke 5. Older adults who are currently

and driving as normal

driving and at risk of sudden disabling/medical event

driving and at risk of sudden disabling/medical event

driving and at risk of sudden disabling/medical event

and driving as normal

• How is the human role and well-being being considered in relation to the

• What is the role of older adult and what level of choice do they have in relation

• What level of impairment is acceptable for an older driver to keep driving?

development of these systems?

*Interpretation challenges, scenarios, user profiles and personae.*

to mode of operation?

**30**

**Table 2.**

*User profiles and goals.*


For a full list of issues, please see Appendix C.

Overall, there is much overlap between ethical issues and legal issues. There is also much commonality between ethical issues and user acceptability/societal issues. Further, many of the ethical and societal/user acceptability issues are also HMI/human factors issues (for example, handover of control and role of the older adult in the system, etc.).

In principle, ethical issues and issues concerning societal/user acceptability pertain to all profiles as defined previously. Critically, these ethical issues have meaning in the context of different degrees of automation. Some issues pertain to the specific

level of driving automation (i.e. manual, partially automated/function specific, highly automated, fully automated), while others present to all.
