**7.1 Objective**

The high-level objective of this research was to specify the requirements for a new driving assistance system which prolongs safe driving for older adults with different ability levels, and in so doing, helps maintain cognitive and physical abilities. Importantly, the proposed system must carefully reconcile the potential conflict between (1) ensuring road safety and (2) promoting driver persistence (i.e. enabling an older driver to continue driving, even if there is a risk of a serious accident given the Drivers' medical background). From a design perspective, the challenge was to high-tech solution for users who are often averse to technology.

### **7.2 High level methodology**

Overall, this research has involved the application of human factors methodologies to the analysis and specification of a proposed driving assistance system. Several phases of research have been undertaken. These are detailed in Appendix A. To date, this research has mostly been theoretical. Overall, the proposed driving system concept follows a multidisciplinary analysis of relevant literature pertaining to

**27**

*Ethical Issues in the New Digital Era: The Case of Assisting Driving*

• Automated driving solutions and ethical issues

• Driving task and theories of driver cessation and explanations of

• The detection/interpretation of driver states (i.e. physical, cognitive and emotional states) using a combination of sensor-based technology and machine

Further, it follows the application of Human Machine Interaction (HMI) design

• Innovative human machine interaction (HMI) communication methods

methods including personae-based design [60] scenario-based design [61] and participatory co-design [62], to the modelling of a proposed solution. Currently, a new assisted driving solution has been defined. A preliminary workflow and multimodal communications concept has been specified in relation to several demonstration scenarios. The proposed multimodal solution will be further validated

**7.3 Advancement of personae and scenarios to specify the system concept and** 

In line with a human factors approach, the proposed concept was modelled using both personae based and scenario-based design methods. Driver profiles were segmented from the perspective of driver persistence, driver health situation and

2.Older adults who regulate their driving in relation to managing specific driving

4.Continuing drivers—older adults who have continued to drive with a progressing condition—but have concerns in relation to medical fitness to drive and are

5.Older adults who are currently driving and at risk of sudden disabling/medi-

7.Older adults who have stopped driving (ex-drivers) before it is necessary

3.Older adults who are currently driving but have a medical condition that

using a combination of co-design techniques and simulator evaluation.

ability. Overall nine driver profiles were identified. This includes:

challenges and/or stressful (difficult) driving situations

6.Older adults who have stopped driving on a temporary basis

8.Older adults who have stopped when it is necessary

1.Older adults in optimal health and driving as normal

impacts on their ability to drive

at risk of giving up

cal event

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88371*

• Older adults and positive ageing

self-regulation

learning techniques

**HMI design solution**

• Segmentation of older adult drivers

*Ethical Issues in the New Digital Era: The Case of Assisting Driving DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88371*

• Older adults and positive ageing

*Security and Privacy From a Legal, Ethical, and Technical Perspective*

cant public concern [58, 59].

technology and its impact on well-being.

**7. Research design/methodology**

**7.1 Objective**

technology.

pertaining to

**7.2 High level methodology**

Largely, the literature around ethics and driverless cars appears to focus on a subset of important ethical issues. This includes issues pertaining to (1) addressing conflict dilemmas on the road, (2) privacy and protecting personal sphere, (3) minimising technology misuse and (4) the digital self and transhuman rights. In relation to (1) operational decisions have moral consequences. The issue of managing conflict dilemmas on the road poses significant challenges for autonomous vehicles. As outlined in the literature, operational decision making raises many serious questions in terms of how human life is valued. Equally, such solutions raise significant ethical questions in terms of data privacy and the sharing of sensitive/private information about a person's health condition and potential driving risk. The possibility of technology hacking is also a potential threat to the implementation of this technology. Further, issues around defining rights in the context of the augmented self (i.e. the mix of human rights and rights as apply to our digital self which is enabled/ transformed by the reach of artificial technology) are real. As argued by some, we may have to devise a set of ethics that applies to the whole continuum of our digital self and identity. Potentially, the specification of a Universal Declaration of Transhuman Rights should underpin the development of these technologies. Data gathered in a recent cross-national acceptability surveys concerning driverless vehicles indicates that the above issues are also a signifi-

These are of course important both ethical and societal issues. However, the literature and public debate tends to avoid other significant issues. This includes issues pertaining to (4) the purpose and intended use of this technology, (5) issues around the role of the person/driver (including older adult drivers) and (6) the potential negative consequences of this technology, including the social consequences of this

The high-level objective of this research was to specify the requirements for a new driving assistance system which prolongs safe driving for older adults with different ability levels, and in so doing, helps maintain cognitive and physical abilities. Importantly, the proposed system must carefully reconcile the potential conflict between (1) ensuring road safety and (2) promoting driver persistence (i.e. enabling an older driver to continue driving, even if there is a risk of a serious accident given the Drivers' medical background). From a design perspective, the challenge was to high-tech solution for users who are often averse to

Overall, this research has involved the application of human factors methodologies to the analysis and specification of a proposed driving assistance system. Several phases of research have been undertaken. These are detailed in Appendix A. To date, this research has mostly been theoretical. Overall, the proposed driving system concept follows a multidisciplinary analysis of relevant literature

**26**


Further, it follows the application of Human Machine Interaction (HMI) design methods including personae-based design [60] scenario-based design [61] and participatory co-design [62], to the modelling of a proposed solution. Currently, a new assisted driving solution has been defined. A preliminary workflow and multimodal communications concept has been specified in relation to several demonstration scenarios. The proposed multimodal solution will be further validated using a combination of co-design techniques and simulator evaluation.
