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**80**

**83**

**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

limpet *C. sandwicensis*.

**1. Introduction**

desiccation, and predator.

seed production, nutrient requirement

Reproductive Biology, Seed

Production, and Culture of

*sandwicensis* (Pease, 1861)

*Hua Thai Nhan and Harry Ako*

the Hawaiian Limpet *Cellana* 

The purpose of this chapter was to describe the current finding on the development of aquaculture technologies for the Hawaiian limpet *Cellana sandwicensis*, known as "yellow opihi" in Hawaii. Some reproductive biology characteristics of *C. sandwicensis* were reported including spawning season, gonad maturation stages, maturity size, and fecundity. Monthly record of gonadosomatic index (GSI) suggested that the natural spawning season of *C. sandwicensis* occurred from November to January. Attempting studies on seed production have also performed and achieved several important key points such as inducing final maturation by incorporating arachidonic acid (ARA) into the diet and injecting salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (sGnRHa). Laval metamorphosis and settlement were successfully induced using a combination of algae *Palova* and benthic diatom *Amphora*. Stomach content analysis gave an insight into the palatability factor for further development of artificial feed; later on, the algae *Porphyra* commonly known as Nori was as attractive as a biofilm and was used as a feeding stimulant. Nutritional study on specific nutrient requirements such as protein, carbohydrate, and energy has been conducted and found that dietary 35% protein, 32% carbohydrate, and protein to energy (PE) ratio ranging from 87.2 to 102.9 mg/kcal could be used for the development of commercial feed for

**Keywords:** Hawaiian limpet *Cellana sandwicensis*, yellow opihi, spawning season,

Limpets are marine gastropods. They distribute at different intertidal zones of most oceans, from the upper littoral to the shallow subtidal on the rocky coasts. They feed by grazing on macroalgae, benthic diatom growing on rocky substrate because they attach themselves to rocks, and/or any substratum using pedal mucus and a muscular "foot," which also enables them to go against dangerous wave action,

*Cellana* genus is a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Nacellidae [1]. This

genus distributes in the temperate and tropical Indo-Pacific Oceans, Hawaii,
