4. Results and discussion

## 4.1 Chemoprotective effect of edible gastropod meat

#### 4.1.1 Xancus pyrum

#### 4.1.1.1 Effect of Xancus pyrum on relative organ weights after cisplatin administration

Body weight of each animal was taken before sacrifice, lymphoid organs such as thymus and spleen was excised, weighed and expressed as relative organ weight.

The cisplatin treated animals showed high reduction in the weight of all the organs such as 0.23 � 0.02 g/100 g body weight of spleen, 0.17 � 0.01 g/100 g body weight of thymus, 3.7 � 0.19 g/100 g body weight of liver, 1.2 � 0.01 g/100 g body weight of kidney, 0.62 � 0.01 g/100 g body weight of lungs. The cisplatin treated along with Xancus pyrum mice showed a significantly increase in the weight of all the organs such as 0.34 � 0.072 g/100 g body weight of spleen, 0.23 � 0.01 g/100 g body weight of thymus, 4.84 � 0.05 g/100 g body weight of liver, 1.37 � 0.18 g/ 100 g body weight of kidney, 0.769 � 0.05 g/100 g body weight of lungs.

The p values of cisplatin treated animals along with Xancus pyrum for spleen was p < 0.01, which was less significant but for thymus, liver, kidney and lungs it was p < 0.05 which was considered to be statistically significant.

Weight of all relative organs was increased in cisplatin treated animals by the extract administration, providing supportive evidence for Xancus pyrum extract is immunostimulative. The results are given in Table 1.


\*\*\*p < 0.001.

Table 1.

Effect of Xancus pyrum on relative organ weights in cisplatin treated animals.

4.1.1.2 Effect of Xancus pyrum on bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase activity after

Chemoprotective Effect of Edible Gastropod, Xancus pyrum and Its Usefulness…

Bone marrow was collected from the femur into the medium containing 2% serum and made into single cell suspension. The number of cells was determined using a haemocytometer and expressed as total cells determined by tryphan blue

Effect of Xancus pyrum on bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase activity is given in Table 2. The number of bone marrow cells as well as α-esterase positive cells was decreased drastically in cisplatin alone treated animals, but this was significantly (p < 0.001) reversed by administration of Xancus pyrum. In cisplatin treated animals, on the 7th day there was a drastic reduction in the number of bone

marrow cells (25.5 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.414 cells/femur) and <sup>α</sup>-esterase positive cells (634.5 3.05 positive cells/4000 cells) compared to Xancus pyrum treated along with cisplatin animals. Treatment with Xancus pyrum could elevate the bone marrow cellularity and number of α-esterase positive cells. In cisplatin treated group of animals along with Xancus pyrum, bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase positive cells was found to be 68.30 105 4.24 cells/femur and 1179 <sup>2</sup>.121 cells/4000

bone marrow cells respectively on 7th day and it was again enhanced to

4.1.1.3 Effect of Xancus pyrum on enzyme levels after cisplatin administration

11th day respectively compare to the cisplatin alone treated animals

4.1.1.3.1 Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

p < 0.001 showing that the extract is highly significant.

Also called aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

Cisplatin + Xancus

Values are expressed as mean SD. \*

pyrum

p < 0.05. \*\*p < 0.01. \*\*\*p < 0.001.

Table 2.

63

69.7 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 4.24 cells/femur and 1227 1.414 cells/4000 bone marrow cells on

(20.93 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 3.055 cells/femur and 620.66 3.05 cells/4000 bone marrow cells).

An enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart are damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated.

A significant increase in the levels of SGOT (82.280 2.7 IU/L) and SGPT (85.22 2.393 IU/L) observed in the serum samples of cisplatin alone treated group was reversed by the administration of Xancus pyrum. Treatment with cisplatin along with Xancus pyrum significantly reduced the levels of SGOT (52.68 0.46 IU/L) and SGPT (55.820 1.814 IU/L) in serum, that is the p value was found to be

Treatment Bone marrow cellularity (cells/femur) α-Esterase activity (no. of

Days 7th day 11th day 7th day 11th day Normal 85.0 105 2.828 89.5 <sup>105</sup> 3.536 884 2.828 892.5 2.121 Cisplatin alone 25.5 105 1.414 20.9 105 3.055 634.5 3.055 620.66 3.055

Effect of Xancus pyrum on bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase activity in cisplatin treated animals.

68.30 105 4.242\*\*\* 69.7 105 4.950\*\*\* <sup>1179</sup> 2.121\*\*\* <sup>1227</sup> 1.414\*\*\*

α-esterase positive cells/4000 cells)

cisplatin administration

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88655

(1% in saline) exclusion method per femur.

Chemoprotective Effect of Edible Gastropod, Xancus pyrum and Its Usefulness… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88655

#### 4.1.1.2 Effect of Xancus pyrum on bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase activity after cisplatin administration

Bone marrow was collected from the femur into the medium containing 2% serum and made into single cell suspension. The number of cells was determined using a haemocytometer and expressed as total cells determined by tryphan blue (1% in saline) exclusion method per femur.

Effect of Xancus pyrum on bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase activity is given in Table 2. The number of bone marrow cells as well as α-esterase positive cells was decreased drastically in cisplatin alone treated animals, but this was significantly (p < 0.001) reversed by administration of Xancus pyrum. In cisplatin treated animals, on the 7th day there was a drastic reduction in the number of bone marrow cells (25.5 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 1.414 cells/femur) and <sup>α</sup>-esterase positive cells (634.5 3.05 positive cells/4000 cells) compared to Xancus pyrum treated along with cisplatin animals. Treatment with Xancus pyrum could elevate the bone marrow cellularity and number of α-esterase positive cells. In cisplatin treated group of animals along with Xancus pyrum, bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase positive cells was found to be 68.30 105 4.24 cells/femur and 1179 <sup>2</sup>.121 cells/4000 bone marrow cells respectively on 7th day and it was again enhanced to 69.7 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 4.24 cells/femur and 1227 1.414 cells/4000 bone marrow cells on 11th day respectively compare to the cisplatin alone treated animals (20.93 <sup>10</sup><sup>5</sup> 3.055 cells/femur and 620.66 3.05 cells/4000 bone marrow cells).

#### 4.1.1.3 Effect of Xancus pyrum on enzyme levels after cisplatin administration

#### 4.1.1.3.1 Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)

An enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart are damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated. Also called aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

A significant increase in the levels of SGOT (82.280 2.7 IU/L) and SGPT (85.22 2.393 IU/L) observed in the serum samples of cisplatin alone treated group was reversed by the administration of Xancus pyrum. Treatment with cisplatin along with Xancus pyrum significantly reduced the levels of SGOT (52.68 0.46 IU/L) and SGPT (55.820 1.814 IU/L) in serum, that is the p value was found to be p < 0.001 showing that the extract is highly significant.


#### Table 2.

Effect of Xancus pyrum on bone marrow cellularity and α-esterase activity in cisplatin treated animals.

Treatment

62

Spleen

> 7th day

0.50

0.23

0.34

 0.07

\*\*

0.41

 0.14

\*\*

0.23

 0.01

\*\*

0.26

 0.04\*

4.84

 0.05\*

5.58

 0.30\*

1.37

 0.18\*

1.43

0.08

0.76

 0.05\*

0.79

 0.08\*

\*\*

 0.02

 0.20

 0.04

 0.17

 0.01

 0.15

 0.07

 3.78

 0.19

 3.60

 0.40

 1.23

 0.01 0.98

 0.04

 0.62

 0.01

 0.53

 0.03

 0.11

 0.69

 0.02

 0.16

 0.04

 0.18

 0.02

 5.41

 0.38

 5.98

 0.39

 1.27

 0.17

 1.26

 0.22

 0.54

 0.03

 0.59

 0.02

Normal Cisplatin alone

Cisplatin + Xancus pyrum

Values are expressed as mean

\*

p < 0.05.

\*\*<sup>p</sup> < 0.01.

\*\*\*p < 0.001.

Table 1. Effect of Xancus pyrum on relative organ weights in cisplatin treated animals.

 SD.

 11th day

 7th day

 11th day

 7th day

 11th day

 7th day

 11th day

 7th day

 11th day

Thymus

Liver

Kidney

Lungs

Invertebrates - Ecophysiology and Management

Relative organ weight (g/100 g body weight)

#### 4.1.1.3.2 Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)

An enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart cells. SGPT is released into blood when the liver or heart is damaged. The blood SGPT levels are thus elevated. Also called alanine aminotransferase (ALT).

the administration of Xancus pyrum extract. Similarly urea concentration in serum of cisplatin alone treated animals was increased, that is on 7th day 17.54 0.4 mg/ dL and on 11th day it was 19.71 0.09 mg/dL which was significantly reduced to 15.01 0.2 mg/dL on 7th day and 15.04 0.12 mg/dL on 11th day by the adminis-

Chemoprotective Effect of Edible Gastropod, Xancus pyrum and Its Usefulness…

The urea level was increased drastically in serum of cisplatin alone treated animals, but this was significantly (p < 0.001) reversed by administration of

1.438 0.09 mg/dL on 7th day and 1.457 0.08 mg/dL on 11th day in serum which was reversed to 1.07 0.04 mg/dL on 7th day and 0.92 0.08 mg/dL on 11th day by the administration of Xancus pyrum extract. It was also found that p-values was less than 0.001 (p < 0.001) showing that the cisplatin treated animals along with Xancus pyrum extract was statistically significant. Cancer is one of the dreadful diseases of this century. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy plays an important role in cancer treatment. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy is associated with toxic effect. They kill not only the tumour cell but also normal cells. Both these effects are associated with suppression of immune system. Most of the synthetic chemotherapeutic agents available today are immunosuppressant, cytotoxic and exert several side effects [17]. Modulation of immune system by cytotoxic agents is emerging as a major area in pharmacology, especially in case where undesired immunosuppression is the result of therapy. A major drawback of current cancer therapeutic practices such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy is bone marrow suppression

Days 7th day 11th day 7th day 11th day Normal 28.41 1.1 31.19 1.4 13.26 0.5 14.56 0.6 Cisplatin alone 17.54 0.4 4.71 0.09 8.19 0.20 2.20 0.04 Cisplatin + Xancus pyrum 15.01 0.2\*\*\* 15.04 0.12\*\*\* 7.00 0.12\*\*\* 7.02 0.05\*\*\*

Urea concentration (mg/dL) BUN concentration (mg/dL)

Cisplatin treated animals showed an increase in the level of creatinine

Group Serum

Effect of Xancus pyrum treatment on the serum urea levels in cisplatin treated animals.

Group Serum (mg/dL)

Days 7th day 11th day Normal 1.750 0.04 1.880 0.04 Cisplatin alone 1.438 0.09 1.457 0.08 Cisplatin + Xancus pyrum 1.075 0.04\*\*\* 0.920 0.05\*\*\*

Effect of Xancus pyrum treatment on the serum, liver creatinine levels in cisplatin treated animals.

tration of Xancus pyrum extract.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88655

Xancus pyrum extract.

Values are expressed as mean SD. \*

Values are expressed as mean SD. \*

p < 0.05. \*\*p < 0.01. \*\*\*p < 0.001.

Table 5.

p < 0.05. \*\*p < 0.01. \*\*\*p < 0.001.

Table 6.

65

Cisplatin treated animals showed a decrease in the levels of SGOT (32.67 2.7 IU/L) and SGPT (42.04 1.9 IU/L) observed in the liver sample. Administration of Xancus pyrum significantly increased the level of SGOT (41.545 1.3 IU/L) and SGPT (48.290 1.4 IU/L) in liver. The levels of SGOT and SGPT values are given in Tables 3 and 4. The SGPT level was increased drastically in cisplatin alone treated animals, but this was significantly (p < 0.001) reversed by administration of Xancus pyrum extract.
