Meet the editor

Assistant Professor Ivana Mravicic, MD, graduated from the University of Zagreb Medical School, Croatia, where she completed her MSc and PhD studies. She further developed her clinical and scientific skills with practical training in Munich, Zurich, Tubingen and Hamburg. Dr. Mravicic's field of interest is paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus. She has actively participated at more than 150 international conferences, published many scien-

tific papers and authored and co-authored several books and textbooks. Currently, she is head of the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Department at the University Eye Clinic Svjetlost. She also teaches ophthalmology at the University of Rijeka Medical School, Croatia.

Contents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

**Section 3**

Nystagmus

*and Vlade Glavota*

*by Ivana Mravicic*

Binocular Functions

**Preface III**

Introduction **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Normal Functions of the Eye Motility System **7**

**Chapter 2 9**

**Chapter 3 35**

Disorders of the Eye Motility System **49**

**Chapter 4 51**

**Chapter 5 65**

*by Roberto Rodríguez-Labrada, Yaimeé Vázquez-Mojena and Luis Velázquez-Pérez*

*by Arvind Kumar Morya, Kanchan Solanki, Sahil Bhandari and Anushree Naidu*

*by Suzana Konjevoda, Neda Striber, Samir Čanović and Ana Didović Pavičić*

*by Ivana Mravicic, Selma Lukacevic, Maja Bohac, Maja Pauk-Gulic* 

Eye Movement Abnormalities in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Introductory Chapter: Why Is Eye Motility Important?

Ophthalmologic Examination of the Child

## Contents


Preface

Having two eyes located at different positions on the head gives humans the ability to perceive two slightly different images (binocularity) that the brain then unites into a single three-dimensional picture (stereo vision). This is a complicated process with many motor and sensory steps that requires our eyes to be perfectly tuned and to work together. This book explains the visual process as well as possible distur-

Chapter 1 describes visual processing and its associated steps, namely, simultaneous perception, fusion and stereopsis. It explains all steps in detail as well as the tests used to assess them. The chapter also discusses possible disruptions to the process

Chapter 2 pays special attention to the development of children's vision. The development of binocular functions in a child's eyes starts as early as 6 weeks and ends during the first several years of life. Any disruptions can permanently damage this process and may result in the inability to perceive three-dimensional images later in

Chapter 3 focuses on nystagmus, which can arise from disruptions at any part of the system that connects the eyes and the brain. Although some kinds of nystagmus are physiological, some pathological types belong to the field of ophthalmology, while others belong to neurology. The chapter makes the distinction between types of

Chapter 4 is dedicated to neurological conditions. Some conditions develop in the places in the brain that are part of the oculomotor as well as the sensory functions of the eyes. The chapter also discusses specific eye movement deficits as well as

I would like to thank to my boss Professor Nikica Gabrić, who encouraged me to pursue my professional interest in ophthalmology, and my friend Professor Iva Dekaris for her support. For my love for strabismus and paediatric ophthalmology, I

> **Ivana Mravicic** Eye Clinic Svjetlost,

Croatia

Medical School University of Rijeka,

bances and consequences that can occur.

life. The chapter also discusses child eye examinations.

nystagmus and explains treatments for "ophthalmological types."

would like to thank Professors Oliver Ehrt and Klaus Peter Boergen.

and their consequences.

specific sensory defects.
