1.1 Dusty plasmas

Dusty plasmas are also known as nonideal complex plasmas that contain particulates of condensed matter. The dust particles may have sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers, and typically much more massive than that of plasma ions, electrons, and neutrons. When the dust particles immersed in the plasma, they attain a high electric charge (negative charge) which makes the dusty plasmas interesting and technological important in the area of applied plasma physics. The dynamical behavior of these massive dust charge particles is much complex and occurs on considerably slower time scales, because their charge-to-mass ratio is in orders of magnitude smaller than that of the corresponding charge-to-mass ratio of either the electrons or ions. Dust particles are found in the large abundant in planetary plasmas, cosmic plasmas, plasmas in the laboratory, and plasmas near the earth. As a matter of fact, one may cogitate that except in the hottest regions of fusion plasmas, where the dust particles would not survive, most are known as dusty plasmas in the sense that some dust particles might be present. To understand this fact, one recognizes two cases in which: (1) there are just few secluded (noninteracting) dust particles, with the goal that they have nearly nothing if any impact on the plasma, and (2) there are countless number of dust particles in the plasma so that their existence really changes the properties and behavior of the plasma. In the event (1), the dust particles are charged by their interactions with the plasma yet do not change the plasma in any noticeable way. Then, again case (2) agrees to the situation in which the charge dust is a component of the plasma, subject to the collective interactions that recognize an ionized gas from a neutral gas. Case (2) is what is ordinary characterized as "dusty plasmas." At a significantly bigger scale, it is outstanding that comets for the most part have two tails. One tail is expected to the comet's dust particles, the other is because of ionized gas comet coma. These tails are not separate near the coma but overlap forming dusty plasma [3].
