**10. References**


One reef arm's circulation would dominate over the other at the peaks of these cycles, exhibiting gyre dominance. Increased variability of particle retention was also characteristic. These signatures were not evident in an adjacent open, non-reefal bay used as a comparison. The stability, spatial spread and localization of the circulation therefore defined this circumreef circulation and identifies its association with reefal bays in particular, where the reef

The authors are grateful to the Port Royal Marine Lab, the Center for Marine Sciences, the Japan International Corporation Agency and the Mona Geoinformatics Institute for providing funding, technical support and equipment to carry out this study. The Environmental Foundation of Jamaica in partnership with the Life Sciences Department, University of the West Indies, was significant in providing funding for training in hydrodynamic modelling. We acknowledge Christopher Burgess for guidance in the oceanographic statistics and modelling. Acknowledgement also goes to the dedication of Sean Townsend and the many student volunteers from the Department of Life Sciences,

Black, K.P.; Gay, S.L. & Andrews, J.C. (1990). Residence times of neutrally-buoyant matter such as larvae, sewage or nutrients on coral reefs. *Coral Reefs* 9: 105-114. Burgess, P.; Irwin, M.; Maxam, A. & Townsend, S. (2005). Oceanographic Study of Sand

Carter, R.W.G. (1988). Coastal Environments: an introduction to the physical, ecological and

Cetina-Heredia, P.; Connolly, S. & Herzfeld, M. (2008). Modeling larval retention around

Douillet, P.; Ouillon, S. & Cordier, E. (2001). A numerical model for fine suspended

Feddersen, F. & Trowbridge, J. H. (2005). The effect of wave breaking on surf-zone

Foreman, M.G.G. (1977). Manual for Tidal Heights Analysis and Prediction. *Pacific Marine Science Report* 77-10, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Patricia Bay, Sidney, B.C., 58 pp. Goodbody, I.; Bacon, P.; Greenaway, A.; Head, S.; Hendry, M. & Jupp, B. (1989). Caribbean

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two-dimensional horizontal reef-tops with steep faces*. Coastal Engineering*. 52: 353 –

functions as the centre of a dynamic bay.

University of the West Indies, in assisting with the field work.

UDC, 79 pp, Kingston Jamaica.

*Symposium*, July, 2008, Florida.

*Oceanography*. 35: 2187 – 2203.

**9. Acknowledgements** 

**10. References** 

372.

pp 176.

387.


**0**

**9**

and Yakun Guo<sup>3</sup>

*Aberdeen, AB24 3UE*

<sup>3</sup>*United Kingdom*

1,2*China*

*Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098*

**Astronomical Tide and Typhoon-Induced Storm**

<sup>1</sup>*State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering,*

The Hangzhou Bay, located at the East of China, is widely known for having one of the world's largest tidal bores. It is connected with the Qiantang River and the Eastern China Sea, and contains lots of small islands collectively referred as Zhoushan Islands (see Figure 1). The estuary mouth of the Hangzhou Bay is about 100 km wide; however, the head of bay (Ganpu) which is 86 km away from estuary mouth is significantly narrowed to only 21 km wide. The tide in the Hangzhou Bay is an anomalistic semidiurnal tide due to the irregular geometrical shape and shallow depth and is mainly controlled by the M2 harmonic constituent. The M2 tidal constituent has a period about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a tidal lunar day. The Hangzhou Bay faces frequent threats from tropical cyclones and suffers a massive damage from its resulting strong wind, storm surge and inland flooding. According to the 1949-2008 statistics, about 3.5 typhoons occur in this area every year. When typhoon generated in tropic open sea moves towards the estuary mouth, lower atmospheric pressure in the typhoon center causes a relatively high water elevation in adjacent area and strong surface wind pushes huge volume of seawater into the estuary, making water elevation in the Hangzhou Bay significantly increase. As a result, the typhoon-induced external forces (wind stress and pressure deficit) above sea surface make the tidal hydrodynamics in the

In the recent years, some researches have been done to study the tidal hydrodynamics in the Hangzhou Bay and its adjacent areas. For example, Hu et al. (2000) simulated the current field in the Hangzhou Bay based on a 2D model, and their simulated surface elevation and current field preferably compared with the field observations. Su et al. (2001), Pan et al. (2007) and Wang (2009) numerically investigate the formulation, propagation and dissipation of the tidal bore at the head of Hangzhou Bay. Also, Cao & Zhu (2000), Xie et al. (2007), Hu et al. (2007) and Guo et al. (2009) performed numerical simulation to study the typhoon-induced

**1. Introduction**

Hangzhou Bay further complicated.

<sup>2</sup>*Zhejiang Institute of Hydraulics and Estuary, Hangzhou, 310020*

**Surge in Hangzhou Bay, China**

Jisheng Zhang1, Chi Zhang1, Xiuguang Wu2

<sup>3</sup>*School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen,*

