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The modelling of water quality in the Amazon estuary is complex due to the absence and / or inadequacy of data describing different physical characteristics. The drainage system imposes enormous difficulties in this area. An example is the absence of long-term time

Hydrodynamic simulations of flow and dispersion of pollutant plumes released into the environment are difficult to implement, and require calibration and verification with local

Existing techniques in numerical modelling can become strong allies in informing public

Among the parameters of interest from numerical models, the generation of 3D

The development of local expertise constitutes one of the biggest challenges in the area, since the best and most efficient option for development of experimental studies in hydrodynamics and computer simulation, is the formation of local human resources. The main advantages are lower operating costs for complex experimental campaigns. The implementation of a database accessible to the interested user would also be an important technological challenge for the systematic studies of the hydrodynamics and water quality at this region. Thus, would be possible to improve our understanding about the ecosystem functioning and to evaluate the complexity of the Amazon estuary and the

This research is part of the ROCA project (River-Ocean Continuum of the Amazon), funded by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation. The main collaborating institutions are the Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture - CENA / USP, the National Institute of Amazonian Research - INPA, the Museu Paraense Emilío Goeldi - MPEG, Federal University of Pará - UFPA and the Federal University of Amapá - UNIFAP (Postgraduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity / PPGBIO and the Laboratories of Simulation and Modeling, Chemistry and Environmental Sanitation / Undergraduate Program in Environmental Sciences). This study was supported by the National Research Council (CNPq/MCT – Productivity Fellowship (Process N. 305657/2009-7), and by the Institute of Scientific and Technologic Research of the Amapá State (NHMET & CPAC/IEPA) and by the Tropical Biodiversity Postgraduate Program (PPGBio) of the Federal University of Amapá (UNIFAP), Brazil; SUDAM Project - "Integrated Network Management for Monitoring and Environmental Dynamics Hydroclimatic State of Amapá"; REMAM II Project/FINEP/CNPq – Extremes Hydrometeorology and Climate Phenomena; and Project CENBAM-FINEP/CNPq/FAPEAM/UNIFAP - INCT "Center for Integrated Studies of

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**Hydrodynamic Pressure Evaluation of** 

*Institute of Structural Mechanics, China Academy of Engineering Physics* 

Dynamic responses of dam-reservoir systems subjected to ground motions are often a major concern in the design. To ensure that dams are adequately designed for, the hydrodynamic pressure distribution along the dam-reservoir interface must be determined for assessment

Due to the fact that analytical methods are not readily available for dam-reservoir systems with arbitrary geometry shape, numerical methods are often used to analyze responses of dam-reservoir systems. In numerical methods, dams are often discretized into solid finite elements through Finite Element Method (FEM), while the reservoir is either directly modeled by Boundary Element Method (BEM) or is divided into two parts: a near field with arbitrary geometry shape and a far field with a uniform cross section. The near field is discretized into acoustic fluid finite elements by using FEM or boundary elements by BEM, while the far field is modeled by BEM or a Transmitting Boundary Condition (TBC). Based

A FEM-BEM coupling procedure was used to implement the linear and non-linear analysis of dam-reservoir interaction problems (Tsai & Lee, 1987; Czygan & Von Estorff, 2002), respectively, in which the dam was modeled by FEM, while the reservoir was modeled by BEM. A BEM-TBC coupling method was adopted to solve dam-water-foundation interaction problems and dam-reservoir-sediment-foundation interaction problems (Dominguez & Maeso, 1993; Dominguez et al., 1997). The dam and the near field of the reservoir were discretized by using BEM, while the far field of the reservoir was represented by a TBC. As a traditional numerical method, BEM has been popular in simulating unbounded medium, but it needs a fundamental solution and includes a singular integral, which affect its application. In order to avoid deriving a fundamental solution required in BEM, the TBC attracted some researchers' interests. A Sommerfeld-type TBC was used to represent the far field (Kucukarslan et al., 2005), while a Sharan-type TBC was proposed for infinite fluid (Sharan, 1987). The Sommerfeld-type and Sharan-type TBCs are readily implemented in FEM due to their conciseness, but a sufficiently large near field is required to model accurately the damping effect of semi-infinite reservoir. Except for the aforementioned TBCs, an exact TBC (Tsai & Lee, 1991), a novel TBC (Maity &

on these numerical methods, several coupling procedures were developed.

**1. Introduction** 

of safety.

**Reservoir Subjected to Ground** 

**Excitation Based on SBFEM** 

Shangming Li

*China* 

*Mianyang City, Sichuan Province* 

Wasman, P. Retention versus export food chains: processes controlling sinking loss from marine pelagic systems. *Hydrobiologia 363* , 29-57, 1988. **5** 
