**4.2 Self-propagating high temperature synthesis**

Self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS), shown in **Figure 8**, is another PM based process used to produce titanium alloys. The steps in this process include: mixing of reagents, cold compaction, and finally ignition to initiate a spontaneous self-sustaining exothermic reaction to create the titanium alloy [7].

Although the above PM processes are mature technologies for fabrication of bone implants they have difficulties of fabricating porous coatings on surfaces that are delicate or with complex geometries. In addition, these processes tend to produce brittle products because of cracks and oxides formed inside the materials. Further, the high costs and poor workability associated with these PM processes restrict their application in commercial production of bone implants. Consequently, new methods, based on additive manufacturing principles were developed [7].

**17**

**Figure 9.**

*Schematic diagrams of gas atomisation process [5].*

*Modern Production Methods for Titanium Alloys: A Review*

**5. Advanced methods for production of titanium alloys**

The definitions of advanced methods of production is the use of technological method to improve the quality of the products and/or processes, with the relevant technology being described as "advanced," "innovative," or "cutting edge." These technologies evolved from conventional processes some of which have been developed to achieve various components of titanium base alloys and aluminides. Atomisation processes are among the most widely used cutting edge methods for

Atomisation processes are used to make alloyed titanium powders. In these processes, the feedstock material is generally titanium, and the alloy powders produced are further processed typically to manufacture components using processes such as hot isostatic pressing (hip). As mentioned previously, it is generally believed that alloyed powders are not suitable for cold compaction using conventional uniaxial die pressing methods. Moreover, the inherent strength of the alloyed powders is too high, making it difficult to deform the particles in order to achieve desired green density. The atomisation processes produce relatively spherically shaped titanium alloy powders that are most suitable for additive manufacturing using techniques such as selective laser melting or electron beam melting. These spherical powders are also required for manufacturing titanium components using metal injection molding techniques. Typically, additive manufacturing and metal injection molding processes require particle sizes of powders to be in the range of 100 μm to ensure good flowability of the powder during operations. However, the challenge of the atomisation processes usually is that powders produced tend to have a wide particle size distribution, from a few to hundreds of micrometers. Examples of atomisation processes are

gas atomisation and plasma atomisation processes described below [5].

In the gas atomisation process, shown in **Figure 9**, the metal is usually melted using gas and the molten metal is atomised using an inert gas jets. The resultant fine metal droplets are then cooled down during their fall in the atomisation tower. The metal powders obtained by gas-atomization offer a perfectly spherical shape

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81712*

production of titanium alloys [5].

*5.1.1 Gas atomisation process*

**5.1 Atomisation**

**Figure 8.** *SHS process [7].*
