Thermomechanical and Surface Processing

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**49**

**Chapter 4**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

Applications

Processing of Beta Titanium Alloys

for Aerospace and Biomedical

*Geetha Manivasagam and Nageswara Rao Muktinutalapati*

The unique combination of attributes—high strength to weight ratio, excellent heat treatability, a high degree of hardenability, and a remarkable hot and cold workability—has made beta titanium alloys an attractive group of materials for several aerospace applications. Titanium alloys, in general, possess a high degree of resistance to biofluid environments; beta titanium alloys with high molybdenum equivalent have low elastic modulus coming close to that of human bone, making them particularly attractive for biomedical applications. Bulk processing of the alloys for aerospace applications is carried out by double vacuum melting followed by hot working. There have been many studies with reference to super-solvus and sub-solvus forging of beta titanium alloys. For alloys with low to medium level of molybdenum equivalent, sub-solvus forging was demonstrated to result in a superior combination of mechanical properties. A number of studies have been carried out in the area of heat treatment of beta titanium alloys. Studies have also been devoted to surface modification of beta titanium alloys. The chapter attempts to review these studies, with emphasis on aerospace and biomedical applications.

**Keywords:** beta titanium alloys, titanium melting, thermomechanical processing,

Titanium was discovered in 1791, but it came into effective application only in the 1950s. After 115 years, i.e., in the year 1906, M. A Hunter at General Electric Company prepared pure titanium for the first time [1]. Since 1950s, titanium holds a prime position in aerospace, biomedical, automotive, and chemical processing

2.Higher tensile strength (Higher than ferritic stainless steel and comparable to

3.Higher operating temperature (Up to 595°C for commercially available alloys

surface modification, aerospace and biomedical applications

1.Low density (60% of steel or super alloy's density),

martensitic stainless steel and Fe- base superalloys)

industries due to unique features listed below:

and >595°C for titanium aluminides)

*Sudhagara Rajan Soundararajan, Jithin Vishnu,* 
