**4. Conventional methods of production for titanium alloys**

#### **4.1 Powder metallurgy**

Conventional sintering, shown in **Figure 7**, is one of the widely applied powder metallurgy (PM) based method for manufacturing titanium alloys. In this method, the feedstock titanium powder is mixed thoroughly with alloying elements mentioned in Section 2 using a suitable powder blender, followed by compaction of the mixture under high pressure, and finally sintered. The sintering operation is carried out at high temperature and pressure treatment process that causes the powder

**Figure 7.** *Powder metallurgy process [7].*

particles to bond to each other with minor change to the particle shape, which also allows porosity formation in the product when the temperature is well regulated. This method can produce high performance and low cost titanium alloy parts. The titanium alloy parts produced by powder metallurgy have several advantages such as comparable mechanical properties, near-net-shape, low cost, full dense material, minimal inner defect, nearly homogenous microstructure, good particle-to-particle bonding, and low internal stress compared with those titanium parts produced by other conventional processes [7].
