Contents


*Vladimir Ivanov, Andrew Zaitsev and Ruslan Polyakov*


Preface

The low-temperature market is growing and expanding. It plays an essential and growing role in the global economy. A wide range of low temperatures are required almost in all branches of everyday life and industries, including the food and beverage industries, air conditioning (comfort, technological, technical, IT equipment), water and "dry" ice, winter sports, chemical industries, freeze-drying (for food, pharmaceutical, biological applications, hair care industries, etc.); metallurgy, mechanical industries, machinery, civil engineering, liquefaction of natural gas, etc. The total number of low-temperature systems recently in operation over all the world is roughly 3 billion. Such a development must be sustainable, with limited impact on

the environment and reasonable energy consumption (https://iifiir.org/en).

related to low temperatures.

systems in Brazil.

The scientific publications related to refrigeration cover the directions of new and/ or advanced technologies for application, thermodynamic cycles, working fluids (one-component and mixtures), heat and mass transfer processes, materials etc. The methods for the analysis and optimization are adjusted for in the refrigeration machines because of the processes below/crossing the temperature of the environment. The initial idea of this book was to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and perspectives of research in the very wide spectrum of refrigeration: feasibility of new technologies and improvements in existing technologies; energetic, economic, and environmental effectiveness of machines and processes; different optimization methods; and many other aspects

This book, "Low-temperature Technologies", consists of 13 chapters. These chapters cover a wide range of low-temperature applications from the temperature

The energy consumption for industrial, commercial, and domestic heat, ventilation, and air conditioning has become a very important issue in the energy balance of many countries. Therefore, continuous updating to the latest developments helps the researchers and practical engineers in their work as well as the students for the education process. Chapter 1 discusses the central air condition systems and their applications: all-air, all-water, and air-water systems. The topic of a special air conditioning system and its new application is addressed in Chapter 2. The desiccant-based systems have been evaluated: standalone and assisted by the Mcycle. The recommendations for the optimal applications have been formulated. Desiccant-based air conditioning systems are also the focus of Chapter 3. A solarbased technology, i.e. solar pond driven air conditioning systems, have been investigated theoretically and experimentally. Chapter 4 reports the evaluation of the micro thermoelectric air conditioning system. The aim of this work is to validate the theoretical model using the experimental data. The results obtained from experimental study have been reported in Chapter 5 as well. The research interest of the authors is synthetics and natural refrigerants gases usually used for air conditioning

slightly below the environment (air conditioning) down to cryogenics.
