Applications of Mass Spectrometer

*Mass Spectrometry - Future Perceptions and Applications*

mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography. A. 2004;**1042**(1-2):

113-121

on Mass Spectrometry. Nashville,

[123] Chambers E, Wagrowski-Diehl DM, Lu Z, Mazzeo JR. Systematic and comprehensive strategy for reducing matrix effects in LC/MS/MS analyses.

Journal of Chromatography B.

[124] Bonfiglio R, King RC, Olah TV, Merkle K. The effects of sample preparation methods on the variability of the electrospray ionization response for model drug compounds. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry.

[125] Van Hout M, Niederländer H, De Zeeuw R, De Jong G. Ion suppression in the determination of clenbuterol in urine by solid-phase extraction atmospheric pressure chemical

ionisation ion-trap mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2003;**17**(3):245-250

Communications in Mass Spectrometry.

[127] Larger PJ, Breda M, Fraier D, Hughes H, James CA. Ion-suppression effects in liquid chromatography– tandem mass spectrometry due to a formulation agent, a case study in drug discovery bioanalysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2005;**39**(1-2):206-216

[128] Renew JE, Huang C-H. Simultaneous determination of fluoroquinolone, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim antibiotics in wastewater using tandem solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography–electrospray

[126] Schuhmacher J, Zimmer D, Tesche F, Pickard V. Matrix effects during analysis of plasma samples by electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: Practical approaches

to their elimination. Rapid

2003;**17**(17):1950-1957

2007;**852**(1-2):22-34

1999;**13**(12):1175-1185

Tennesee; 2004

**66**

**69**

**Chapter 4**

**Abstract**

diseases.

proteoform

**1. Introduction**

Application of Two-Dimensional

Hormone is a category of important endocrine regulatory proteins in human endocrine systems. Clarification of hormone proteoforms directly leads to understanding of its biological roles. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) plays important roles in identification of hormone proteoforms such as human growth hormone (hGH) proteoforms and human prolactin (hPRL) proteoforms. This book chapter will review the hormone proteoforms focusing on hGH and hPRL, the methodology of hormone proteoform study, and future perspective of human hormone proteoform study to find biomarkers for in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms, and individualized and precise diagnosis, therapy, and prognostic assessment of hormone-related

**Keywords:** two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography, hormone, growth hormone, prolactin, variant,

Hormone is a category of important endocrine regulatory proteins in the human endocrine systems. Hormone is a chemical message substance synthesized by highly differentiated endocrine cells and directly secreted into the blood, which has high biological activities and transmits information in the body as a messenger. It is a vital substance in human life and plays important roles in regulating physiological

Notably, human growth hormone (hGH) and human prolactin (hPRL) are two key hormones in human body. The hGH, also known as somatotropin, is produced in the acidophilic somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland and is a 191 amino acid single chain polypeptide, which is released into the blood circulation and takes part in the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-skeletal muscle axis system to regulate growth and development in human body [1, 2]. The synthesis and release of hGHs are affected by multiple complex feedback mechanisms, and the

processes such as metabolism, growth, and development.

Gel Electrophoresis in

Hormone Proteoforms

*Xianquan Zhan and Tian Zhou*

Combination with Mass

Spectrometry in the Study of
