2.1 Direct and indirect damage

Direct damage is damage caused by direct physical contact of floodwaters [5, 8], such as flood damage to buildings and residential properties; losses of crops, livestock, and human lives; immediate health impacts; and losses of ecological goods. Indirect flood damage is damage which is not directly due to flood exposure but mainly caused by disruption of physical and economic linkages and other losses, such as loss of production at flood-affected factories and companies and costs of traffic disruption and emergency services [5, 6–8].
