**6. Conclusion**

This study looked at the vulnerability of the city of Jeddah to floods. Several risk zones have been identified. Spatial analysis of flood risk has led to the establishment of a two-dimensional, natural, and societal hazard profile. It has produced several valuable pieces of information that can be used as part of a geographical information system for monitoring the natural risks of the city of Jeddah. The vulnerability of the study area to the risk of flooding seems to have increased sharply following the uncontrolled and very rapid extension of the urban fabric but also to the irregularity of the annual precipitations. Regarding the state of flood risk in Jeddah, the study showed that by combining multisource and multi-species data, it is possible to obtain a good estimate of areas vulnerable to flood risk, monitored and validated by reliable fieldwork. It would also be necessary to establish risk levels for any new housing area and redevelop very-high-risk sites to avoid future disasters, taking into account climate change. This chapter also allows for the establishment of solid foundations for the study of environmental impact assessment, according to a methodology that takes into account all the variables and criteria that must be met in such studies, in order to model them and provide possible solutions to protect the danger zone and predict future exposure. This is not excluded in light of climate change and global warming, which cause catastrophic floods in most regions of the world.

**83**

**Author details**

Mohamed Daoudi1

provided the original work is properly cited.

Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Saudi Arabia

*Flood Risk and Vulnerability of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82073*

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Geography, College of Social Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University,

\* and Abdoul Jelil Niang2

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

\*Address all correspondence to: mdaoudi@kau.edu.sa

1 Department of Geography and GIS, Faculty of Arts and Humanities,

*Flood Risk and Vulnerability of Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82073*

*Recent Advances in Flood Risk Management*

• Application of warning methods, including:

to warn residents and road users.

and identifying hazard areas.

to avoid danger.

**6. Conclusion**

responsible for them.

○ Using flash flood warning systems for sudden flooding by connecting rain and runway monitoring stations with automatic telephones and light signals

○ Employing remote sensing and radar data to monitor the weather situation

○ Organizing awareness sessions and workshops, using awareness leaflets and warning plates, with guides and maps for road users, and methods to be used

○ Making use of studies of the expected periods of flow, the expected volume of the flood, thereby informing the inhabitants of these areas in advance, in addition to the precautions to be taken by the citizens and the authorities

This study looked at the vulnerability of the city of Jeddah to floods. Several risk zones have been identified. Spatial analysis of flood risk has led to the establishment of a two-dimensional, natural, and societal hazard profile. It has produced several valuable pieces of information that can be used as part of a geographical information system for monitoring the natural risks of the city of Jeddah. The vulnerability of the study area to the risk of flooding seems to have increased sharply following the uncontrolled and very rapid extension of the urban fabric but also to the irregularity of the annual precipitations. Regarding the state of flood risk in Jeddah, the study showed that by combining multisource and multi-species data, it is possible to obtain a good estimate of areas vulnerable to flood risk, monitored and validated by reliable fieldwork. It would also be necessary to establish risk levels for any new housing area and redevelop very-high-risk sites to avoid future disasters, taking into account climate change. This chapter also allows for the establishment of solid foundations for the study of environmental impact assessment, according to a methodology that takes into account all the variables and criteria that must be met in such studies, in order to model them and provide possible solutions to protect the danger zone and predict future exposure. This is not excluded in light of climate change and global warming, which cause catastrophic floods in most regions of the world.

**82**
