**A. Appendix: transition tables**

**7. Security attacks in wireless networks**

*Computer and Network Security*

modified.

(TCP).

**8. Conclusions**

wireless and computer networks.

**30**

Most attacks in wireless networks are classified into two categories: passive and active. Passive attacks such as eavesdropping and traffic analysis do not interfere with normal network operations as opposed to active attacks. Some of the attacks could be circumvented by the cross-layer security scheme presented in this research

• RSA cryptographic algorithm at the upper layer: **Table 3** summarized the security services, which could be achieved by implementing RSA cryptography such as authentication, non-repudiation and confidentiality. These services are essential network security requirements which are vital in curbing attacks such as eavesdropping, masquerade attack and information disclosure since there will be a possibility of not attaining the final all-zero state if message is

• Convolutional cryptosystem at the physical layer: The different keys generated are essential in ensuring confidentiality while the forward error correction

Other attacks such as denial of service and replay attack could be circumvented if the cross-layer security scheme is associated with Transmission Control Protocol

In this chapter, we have described a new cross-layer security scheme which has the advantage of enhancing both security and throughput as opposed to existing schemes which either enhances security or throughput but not both. The new scheme is implemented using the residue number system (RNS), non-linear convolutional coding and subband coding at the physical layer and RSA cryptography at the upper layers. By using RSA cryptography, the scheme could be used in encryption, authentication and non-repudiation with efficient key management as opposed to existing schemes, which had poor key management for large wireless networks since their implementation, was based on symmetric encryption techniques. Results show that, the new algorithm exhibits high security level for key sizes of 64, 128 and 256 bits when using three or more convolutional-cascaded stages. The security level is far above the traditional 1024-bit RSA which is already

capability is essential in curbing message modification attack.

vulnerable. The vulnerability of 1024-bit RSA has led to the proposal of

implementing higher levels such as 2048-bit and 4096-bit. These high level RSA schemes when implemented will greatly compromise throughput due to modular exponentiation. Hence the usefulness of a scheme such as the one presented in this chapter. In addition, Viterbi algorithm was performed for the new non-linear convolutional code in order to highlight the error correction capability. It was shown that, by using error correction codes on many small block lengths compared to one huge block length, throughput increases. Hence non-linear convolutional code is very critical in the implementation of the new scheme, since it contributes in enhancing both security and throughput. The entire scheme could be implemented at different access points in a wireless network since it fits in a single FPGA. Finally, the new cross-layer security scheme is essential in circumventing some attacks in

due to the following characteristics inherent in its implementation:

