Contents



Preface

In modern materials science, solid-state physics is a multidisciplinary field that describes the advancements in physics, chemistry, and material engineering. Solidstate physics deals with the behavior of solid matters in terms of physical metallurgy, quantum mechanism, crystallography, and electromagnetism. The concept of solid-state physics is currently being applied to all electronic parts, which is a boon for the electronics industry. The parts made up of solid matters are categorized as crystalline solids and amorphous materials/bulk metallic glasses/non-equilibrium materials. Solid-state materials exhibit interesting properties: higher strength, hardness, increased elastic strain limit, and outstanding corrosion and wear resistance. In addition, solid-state materials usually have unique physical, thermal, magnetic, and electrical properties, which are triggered to apply these materials to structural or functional applications. Furthermore, these materials possess macroscopically homogeneous, isotropic, and superior plastic deformation abilities. Therefore, to investigate and demonstrate the field of solid-state physics, this book addresses recent progress in the field of solid-state physics, which includes scientific

works and reviews related to metastable and spintronics materials.

knowledge of spintronics.

"Spintronics" usually refers to the branch of physics concerned with the manipulation, storage, and transfer of information by means of electron spins in addition to the electron charge in conventional electronics. It is very important to understand the principles and equations underlying the physics, transport, and dynamics of spin in solid-state systems. Major advances in electron spin transport started with the discovery of room temperature giant magnetoresistance, which paves the way towards application in spin-based practical devices such as spintronic field-effect transistors, spin-dependent tunneling diodes, logic gates, quantum computers, etc. The study of spintronics in semiconductors, metals, and other materials has been widely explored in its bulk form. The recent emergence of two-dimensional (2D) materials has been a real boom in the field of spintronics due to the strong spin– orbit coupling effect. The aim of the "Spintronics" section is to provide recent development in spintronics in bulk as well as 2D materials aimed at researchers, professors, post-doctorates, and graduate students in the discipline of physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and to help them master the overall

The section contains three chapters. In Chapter 1, the authors discuss spin—orbit coupling in an exotic graphene structure and also in biology. They introduce a new

representation of the genetic code in the time series for string and D-brane

**Dr. Subbarayan Sivasankaran**

College of Engineering, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
