Preface

Infrastructure construction and maintenance are the key requirements of regional and national development in different countries. At the same time, infrastructure projects require greater investment compared to smaller building construction projects. Therefore there is a need to focus on this topic and conduct more investigations in the field of infrastructure projects. This book presents some key concepts and practices around the theme of critical infrastructure.

Chapter 1 describes the key concepts of infrastructure management, construction, structure, and Industry 4.0, which includes mapping and monitoring technologies. This chapter briefly presents a set of selected infrastructure projects in a metropolitan area. It also presents examples of technologies relevant to Industry 4.0, such as temporal airborne light detection and ranging (lidar), which can be used for analyzing 3D urban changes.

Chapter 2 discusses four categories of sustainability maintenance of critical infrastructures: (1) minimizing adverse impacts of the infrastructure on people through maintenance, (2) keeping the maintenance operations sustainable, (3) allocating sustainable material throughout the maintenance process, and (4) protecting and restoring the environment in maintenance operations. In each category, some of the best practices and methods are discussed. Also highlighted is the significance of considering the hosting community's concerns, the managers' determination to maintain sustainable performance, sustainable handling of materials, sustainable maintenance operations, and continuous restoration of damages caused by the infrastructure were highlighted.

Chapter 3 presents and proposes the use of a complex simulation model, called the reconfiguration simulator (RecSIM), enabling the evaluation of the effectiveness of resilience enhancement strategies for electric distribution networks and the required resources to implement them. The focus is on one specific attribute of resilience, which refers to the promptness and efficiency which recover the service functionality after a crisis event by managing and deploying the available resources rapidly and effectively. The chapter discusses that the RecSIM allows estimating how and to what extent technological, topological, and management issues might improve electrical distribution networks' functionality after the occurrence of accidental faults, accounting for interdependency issues and reconfiguration possibilities.

Chapter 4 presents the concept and meaning of construction productivity and the techniques used in measuring workforce productivity in the construction industry. It discusses three major methods for monitoring and measuring this productivity. The first relates to visual recording that requires taught watchers to be available on location to monitor and record work by specialists. The second is the physical recording technique, which involves direct surveillance that includes a qualified observer observing the site for the full duration of the work day using a work study method or work measurement. The third technique discussed is the use of questionnaires and interview surveys, which involve information gathering through an interview with supervisors and workers working in the construction industry.

Chapter 5 refers to one of the significant sectors of critical infrastructure, which is undoubtedly healthcare. It is vital for health services to be able to perform their function, even in times of crisis. The crisis of naturogenic character has the so-called cascade effect, which causes other extraordinary events and crises. An example of this may be a windstorm resulting in a power outage. A significant impact of the power supply outage in healthcare is observed in hospitals. There is currently no assessment tool to set the hospital's readiness for a power outage. The aim of the chapter is to analyze the current state of the crisis preparedness of the hospital.

Chapter 6 presents a brief review of ancient and modern bridges, including the process of design, material selection, construction, and maintenance. It discusses that each structure has different requirements to cover, such as span clearage, traffic flow, geometry, and characteristics of the place to build; therefore, a great variety of bridges can be developed. Common materials used in construction are structural steel, reinforced concrete, pre-stressed concrete, or post-tensioned concrete. Depending on the structural behavior of each type of bridge, there will be a maximum clear span to cover, which depends directly on the project's budget. Prevention and control of degradation processes is achieved by effective maintenance methods applying protection technology such as paints, coatings, and cathodic protection.

> **Dr. Samad M.E. Sepasgozar and Dr. Sara Shirowzhan** The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

> > **Dr. Faham Tahmasebinia** The University of Sydney, Australia

> > > **1**

**Chapter 1**

Industry 4.0

**1. Introduction**

*and Faham Tahmasebinia*

**2. Definitions and concepts**

cultural, educational and healthcare facilities.

in a period of 10 years.

Introductory Chapter:

*Samad M.E. Sepasgozar, Sara Shirowzhan* 

Infrastructure Management,

Construction, Structure and

Infrastructure has large capacity to enhance the efficiency of cities and the productivity of the national economy. It has a wide range of benefits from different perspectives including social, economy and environment in both short and long terms. The main objectives of an infrastructure are to improve national, interregional and international network and connectivity for people, business and trades. Infrastructure development is one of the most important functions of governments

This book presents some concepts and practices around the theme of critical infrastructure. The following sections introduce (i) the concept of critical infrastructure management, (ii) structural design for concrete elements of infrastructure, and (iii) Industry 4.0 and digital data, which may be used for infrastructure

Many countries are planning to invest on infrastructure projects. For example, the Australian government planned to invest over \$75 billion for developing transportation network including tunnelling, roadways and railworks across the country

Infrastructure generally refers to any foundation, system or basic physical for social development. It can be a basic structure, system or service such as highways, streets, roads, bridges, mass transit infrastructures (e.g. airports), dam, reservoirs, water supply and resources, waste and waste water infrastructure, hydroelectric plants, massive irrigation systems, telecommunications facilities, power generation and transmission and hazardous waste removal and storages. This type of infrastructure is synonymous to economic infrastructure. Social infrastructure includes

The ninth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals introduced by the United Nations Development Programme refers to 'industry, innovation and infrastructure'. Innovation refers to the use of any new creative idea, technology, system, process, practice, material artefact or a nontrivial change and improvements that bring about valuable and meaningful change with benefit to stakeholders [1, 2].

all around the world since it has a great impact of the national economy.

management including mapping and monitoring technologies.
