**2. Definitions and concepts**

Many countries are planning to invest on infrastructure projects. For example, the Australian government planned to invest over \$75 billion for developing transportation network including tunnelling, roadways and railworks across the country in a period of 10 years.

Infrastructure generally refers to any foundation, system or basic physical for social development. It can be a basic structure, system or service such as highways, streets, roads, bridges, mass transit infrastructures (e.g. airports), dam, reservoirs, water supply and resources, waste and waste water infrastructure, hydroelectric plants, massive irrigation systems, telecommunications facilities, power generation and transmission and hazardous waste removal and storages. This type of infrastructure is synonymous to economic infrastructure. Social infrastructure includes cultural, educational and healthcare facilities.

The ninth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals introduced by the United Nations Development Programme refers to 'industry, innovation and infrastructure'. Innovation refers to the use of any new creative idea, technology, system, process, practice, material artefact or a nontrivial change and improvements that bring about valuable and meaningful change with benefit to stakeholders [1, 2].


#### **Table 1.**

*Definitions of basic terms and concepts.*

It also mentions that economic growth highly depends on the investment on infrastructure and innovation. There are several terms and concepts related to infrastructure, which will be introduced in **Table 1**.

Australian investment plan is an example of infrastructure investment plans, which are committed in developing transport infrastructures over a decade. The investment plan presents a positive reform and roadmap for a period of 15 years for this country. The main objectives of the investment plan are to improve

#### **Figure 1.**

*Woolgoolga to Ballina in October 2018 (project ID: INF12): (a) bridge over Clarence River and (b) bridge over Richmond River. (courtesy: www.pacifichighway.nsw.gov.au).*

**3**

**Table 2.**

*Introductory Chapter: Infrastructure Management, Construction, Structure and Industry 4.0*

INF03 NorthConnex 9-km-long dual road tunnels, linking the M1 and M2 Motorways, estimated project cost \$3 billion

INF04 The Northern Road upgrade 35-km-long, upgrades four to eight lanes in the Northern Road,

INF05 M12 Motorway A new east-west motorway in Sydney, major access route to the

(duration, 2020–2025) INF06 Bringelly Road 10 km upgrading Bringelly Road from two lanes to a six-lane divided

estimated project cost \$1.6 billion

\$250 million (duration, 2016–2018)

INF08 Great Western Highway Install concrete median barrier, install raised islands, safety upgrades

INF09 Bringelly Road upgrade 10-km-long, upgrades Bringelly Road from two lanes to a six-lane

(duration, 2015–2020)

(iii) Newcastle Light Rail (iv) Light rail in Randwick

*Note: Descriptions of the benefit of each project and any other specific project details can be obtained from websites of the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development, New South Wales Government, New South Wales Roads* 

INF11 Badgerys Creek Airport Sydney's second airport, estimated project cost \$2.5 billion

*and Maritime Services (RMS), and/or relevant city council, designers, consultants or contractors.*

33-km-long underground motorway including 19 km of new tunnels, widening 7.5 km of the existing M4, estimated project cost \$10–\$45 billion including land acquisitions and network extensions

Western Sydney Airport, estimated project cost \$1.2 billion

road, estimated project cost \$509 million (duration, 2015–2020)

Upgrading of the Tullamarine Freeway between the Melbourne Airport and Melrose Drive in Victoria state, estimated project cost

at different locations of the Great Western Highway (NSW)

divided road, located near to Eastwood Road (NSW), \$509 million

(i) CBD and South East Light Rail (12 km route including 19 stops) (ii) Inner West Light Rail (12.7 km route including 23 light rail stops, capacity to transport more than 9.7 million customers yearly)

155-km-long, link in the Pacific Highway including 9 interchanges,

With 488 beds, 50 emergency bays, 14 operating theatres, 20

170 bridges and 350 connectivity structures

intensive care beds, 40 maternity beds

connectivity of peopled and regions, interregional logistics, health, safety, security and effectivity to the national transport system. **Table 2** shows a list of examples of

The structure of infrastructure can be a mix of different materials and elements [5]. This section focuses on one of the popular innovations which can be used in many different infrastructures. One of the most relevant concepts to structure is prestressing. Prestressing refers to the intentional creation of permanent stresses in an element of a structure, for the purpose of improving its strength and behaviour under various services and conditions [6]. Prestressed concrete is an engineering

infrastructure projects to address these objectives.

**3. Mechanism of prestressing**

*Selected infrastructure projects in a metropolitan.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86142*

INF01 WestConnex (including different stages)

INF07 CityLink-Tullamarine widening project

INF10 Sydney Light Rail (including several projects or phases)

INF12 Woolgoolga to Ballina (see **Figure 1**)

INF13 The new Northern Beaches Hospital

**Infrastructure project Short description**

INF02 M4 Western 46-km-long dual carriageway motorway

**Project ID**


*Introductory Chapter: Infrastructure Management, Construction, Structure and Industry 4.0 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86142*

*Note: Descriptions of the benefit of each project and any other specific project details can be obtained from websites of the Department of Infrastructure, Regional Development, New South Wales Government, New South Wales Roads and Maritime Services (RMS), and/or relevant city council, designers, consultants or contractors.*

#### **Table 2.**

*Infrastructure Management and Construction*

**Purpose and definition**

rehabilitation and reuse of current infrastructure Smart city [3] A modern high-tech city that uses intelligent and communication technologies to

environment and to increase mobility and the human life quality

capacity, operational efficiency, effectiveness and sustainability

Critical infrastructure risks: risk = *threat × vulnerability × consequence*

distribution systems, telecommunication networks

power lines, gas and telecommunications

Gives access to energy, improves connectivity and mobility, increases the community benefits and balances social, economic and environmental needs. It also includes

connect citizens, information and governance and manage resources, economy and city elements. Its purpose is to provide a sustainable, green, efficient and innovative

Utilisation of new information and communication systems including connected sensors (Internet of Things) to monitor and manage infrastructure in a real-time manner. The sensors help to minimise disruption, costs and down time and maximise

Refers to assets, facilities, systems and processes required for a society to function. This may include heating facilities (e.g. natural gas, fuel), food production and distribution networks, water supply (water, sewage), hospitals, transportation systems (railway network, airports, harbours, fuel supply), electricity generation and

Refers to facilities and network systems at the urban scale such as water, sewerage,

A total of 16 sectors identified by Presidential Policy Directive 21 (PPD-21) are [4] transportation systems, water and wastewater systems, information technology, materials and waste, government facilities, healthcare and public health, financial services, food and agriculture, energy, emergency services, dams, defence industrial base, communication, critical manufacturing, commercial facilities and chemical

Refers to the ability of the city or country to anticipate, prevent and protect with a coordinated plan for the network, responsive and timely recovery actions, while

**Term and concept**

Sustainable infrastructure

Smart infrastructure (structural health monitoring)

Critical infrastructure

Critical urban infrastructure

Critical infrastructure sectors

Critical infrastructure resilience (CIR)

*Definitions of basic terms and concepts.*

**Table 1.**

It also mentions that economic growth highly depends on the investment on infrastructure and innovation. There are several terms and concepts related to

circumvent threats provide minimum level of services

Australian investment plan is an example of infrastructure investment plans, which are committed in developing transport infrastructures over a decade. The investment plan presents a positive reform and roadmap for a period of 15 years for this country. The main objectives of the investment plan are to improve

*Woolgoolga to Ballina in October 2018 (project ID: INF12): (a) bridge over Clarence River and (b) bridge over* 

infrastructure, which will be introduced in **Table 1**.

*Richmond River. (courtesy: www.pacifichighway.nsw.gov.au).*

sectors

**2**

**Figure 1.**

*Selected infrastructure projects in a metropolitan.*

connectivity of peopled and regions, interregional logistics, health, safety, security and effectivity to the national transport system. **Table 2** shows a list of examples of infrastructure projects to address these objectives.
