3.3.2 Mass attenuation coefficient


mass attenuation coefficient ð Þ¼ μ=ρ linear attenuation coefficient ð Þ μ density of material ð Þρ (12)


$$
\mu\_{\text{water}}/\rho\_{\text{water}} = \mu\_{\text{ice}}/\rho\_{\text{ice}} = \mu\_{\text{water vapour}}/\rho\_{\text{water vapour}}\tag{13}
$$


$$N = N\_o e^{-\left(\frac{\mu}{\rho}\right)\rho \mathbf{x}} \tag{14}$$

The photon interactions are dependent on the atomic properties of a material rather than its density; the attenuation coefficients for isolated processes are often given as mass attenuation coefficients (divided by ρ).

considered in profundity, in both the research facility and among human populaces. Because dangers of radiation on the well-being are known, it must be carefully utilized and entirely controlled. A balance must be struck between radiation's societal benefits and the dangers that radiation postures to individuals, wellbeing, and the environment. It can be confirmed that ionizing radiation has long been vital in

Modern medicine would be impossible without ionizing radiation. X-ray imaging, computed tomography scans, diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine, the gamma knife, and linear accelerators are a few of the technologies that have revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment. Radiation's benefits for human

wellbeing can be measured in thousands of lives spared and indeed more prominent numbers of people whose quality of life has been made strides each year by these innovations. Indeed in spite of the fact that the utilization of ionizing radiation in medicine offers gigantic benefits, in any case, it moreover postures potential dangers to patients, restorative faculty, and the public. The diagnostic and helpful devices that remedy moreover can cause intestinal wounds and chronic illness such

In expansion to the gamma rays, the attenuation of gamma radiation can be accomplished by employing a wide range of materials. Understanding the fundamental standards included within the physical interactions of gamma radiation with matter that lead to gamma radiation can offer assistance within the choice of protecting for a given application. Utilizing this understanding and considering the physical and chemical limits of a project will lead to a better application of resources

medicine and industry.

Basic Modes of Radioactive Decay

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85502

to develop the most suitable type of shielding.

Prince Sultan Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

provided the original work is properly cited.

\*Address all correspondence to: halbander@psmmc.med.sa

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

as cancer.

Author details

Hasna Albandar

35

### 3.3.2.1 Attenuation from coherent scattering

Coherent scattering is vital for low kilo voltage photons as it increases with atomic number.

#### 3.3.2.2 Attenuation from photoelectric effect

The mass photoelectric attenuation coefficient is commensurate to the cube of the atomic number (Z3 ) and inversely proportional to the cube of the beam energy (E<sup>3</sup> ).

#### 3.3.2.3 Attenuation from incoherent scattering

The mass incoherent scattering attenuation coefficient is comparative to most values of Z, but it diminishes gradually with the expanding of beam energy. It is most dependent on the electron density [10].

#### 3.3.2.4 Attenuation from pair production

Pair production happens only with higher beam energies (over 1.02 MeV). The mass attenuation coefficient for pair production is linearly related to the atomic number.

Increasing beam energy also raises the attenuation from pair production in a logarithmic style [11].

The attenuation of gamma radiation can be achieved using a wide range of materials. Understanding the basic principles involved in the physical interactions of gamma radiation with matter that lead to gamma attenuation can help in the choice of shielding for a given application. Utilizing this understanding and considering the physical, chemical, and fiscal constraints of a project will lead to better application of resources to develop the most appropriate type of shielding [1].

#### 3.3.3 The methodology

Experimental and analytical methods are methods that are used to describe actions to be taken so as to investigate this subject in detail and the rationale for the application of specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information applied for understanding, thereby allowing the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability. Both of these methods are prime methods of inquiry in science. The key features are controlled over variables' careful measurement and establishing cause and effect relationships. An advantage of both is that the experimental and analytical methods should be objective.

### 4. Conclusion

Radiation has always been present around us. Life has evolved in a world containing significant levels of ionizing radiation. We are also exposed to fabricated radiation from sources such as medical treatments and activities involving radioactive materials. Since the early twentieth century, radiation's impacts have been

#### Basic Modes of Radioactive Decay DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85502

The photon interactions are dependent on the atomic properties of a material rather than its density; the attenuation coefficients for isolated processes are often

Coherent scattering is vital for low kilo voltage photons as it increases with

The mass photoelectric attenuation coefficient is commensurate to the cube

The mass incoherent scattering attenuation coefficient is comparative to most values of Z, but it diminishes gradually with the expanding of beam energy. It is

Pair production happens only with higher beam energies (over 1.02 MeV). The mass attenuation coefficient for pair production is linearly related to the atomic

Increasing beam energy also raises the attenuation from pair production in a

The attenuation of gamma radiation can be achieved using a wide range of materials. Understanding the basic principles involved in the physical interactions of gamma radiation with matter that lead to gamma attenuation can help in the choice of shielding for a given application. Utilizing this understanding and considering the physical, chemical, and fiscal constraints of a project will lead to better application of resources to develop the most appropriate type of shielding [1].

Experimental and analytical methods are methods that are used to describe actions to be taken so as to investigate this subject in detail and the rationale for the application of specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information applied for understanding, thereby allowing the reader to critically evaluate a study's overall validity and reliability. Both of these methods are prime methods of inquiry in science. The key features are controlled over variables' careful measurement and establishing cause and effect relationships. An advantage of both is that the experimental and analytical methods should be objective.

Radiation has always been present around us. Life has evolved in a world containing significant levels of ionizing radiation. We are also exposed to fabricated radiation from sources such as medical treatments and activities involving radioactive materials. Since the early twentieth century, radiation's impacts have been

) and inversely proportional to the cube of the beam

given as mass attenuation coefficients (divided by ρ).

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

3.3.2.1 Attenuation from coherent scattering

3.3.2.2 Attenuation from photoelectric effect

3.3.2.3 Attenuation from incoherent scattering

most dependent on the electron density [10].

3.3.2.4 Attenuation from pair production

atomic number.

energy (E<sup>3</sup>

number.

logarithmic style [11].

3.3.3 The methodology

4. Conclusion

34

of the atomic number (Z3

).

considered in profundity, in both the research facility and among human populaces. Because dangers of radiation on the well-being are known, it must be carefully utilized and entirely controlled. A balance must be struck between radiation's societal benefits and the dangers that radiation postures to individuals, wellbeing, and the environment. It can be confirmed that ionizing radiation has long been vital in medicine and industry.

Modern medicine would be impossible without ionizing radiation. X-ray imaging, computed tomography scans, diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine, the gamma knife, and linear accelerators are a few of the technologies that have revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment. Radiation's benefits for human wellbeing can be measured in thousands of lives spared and indeed more prominent numbers of people whose quality of life has been made strides each year by these innovations. Indeed in spite of the fact that the utilization of ionizing radiation in medicine offers gigantic benefits, in any case, it moreover postures potential dangers to patients, restorative faculty, and the public. The diagnostic and helpful devices that remedy moreover can cause intestinal wounds and chronic illness such as cancer.

In expansion to the gamma rays, the attenuation of gamma radiation can be accomplished by employing a wide range of materials. Understanding the fundamental standards included within the physical interactions of gamma radiation with matter that lead to gamma radiation can offer assistance within the choice of protecting for a given application. Utilizing this understanding and considering the physical and chemical limits of a project will lead to a better application of resources to develop the most suitable type of shielding.
