5. Whole-body measurement reference groups from the rural population in northern Sweden

Other whole-body measurement reference groups established at different places in Sweden with farmers, forest workers and other heavy working people with their family members. The aim was to compare the body activity of 137Cs in the Sami people with other groups of people,

As seen from Table 2 the activity concentration of 137Cs in females are about half of the corresponding values in males.

A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the variables 137Csconcentration (Bq/kgBW), potassium concentration (gK/kgBW), and position (°N, °E). The results shown in Figure 6 are those labelled A from Table 1, and that labelled B are from Table 2.

As seen in Figure 6 the reference groups are well separated, with Funäsdalen (62.50°N, 12.50°E) and Lycksele (64.6°N,18.7°E) as a subgroup in A and Övre Soppero (68.09°N, 21.70°E), Jokkmokk (66.60°N, 19.80°E) and Arvidsjaur (65.66°N, 19.47°E) as a subgroup in B, and the two groups in Jokkmokk separated.


#### Table 2.

males (M) respectively. The equations for prediction of 137Cs activity concentration in Bq per kg body weight are given below for females and males respectively.

The 137Cs-concentration, Bq per kg body weight (Bq/kg), the potassium concentration in g per kg body weight gK/kg measured 1964 in male (M) and female (FM) school children (age about 14) at the various locations in

Location Weight Weight 137Cs 137Cs K K Place M kg FM kg M Bq/kg FM Bq/kg M gK/kg FM gK/kg Jokkmokk AJ 44 43 60.13 50.34 1.68 1.75 Lycksele ALy 44.5 42 21.53 17.44 1.59 1.61 Funäsdalen AF 41 45.5 45.39 53.26 1.69 1.53 Nässjö AN 45 43.5 15.62 13.78 1.74 1.68 Lund AN 46.5 48 12.89 10.18 2.01 1.84

Time variation of the 137Cs/K ratio Bq/gK in the control groups at Lund. The columns at the bottom represent

N

� <sup>32</sup>:<sup>88</sup> � gK=kgBW

N

–113:<sup>0</sup> � gK=kgBW

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>0</sup>:<sup>379</sup> � °

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>584</sup> � °

E

E

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>7</sup>:<sup>13</sup> � ð Þ� <sup>a</sup> <sup>0</sup>:<sup>569</sup>

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>5</sup>:<sup>843</sup> � ð Þ� <sup>a</sup> <sup>7</sup>:<sup>623</sup>

(1)

(2)

137Cs Bq=kgBWFM ¼ �81:<sup>6</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>1</sup>:<sup>366</sup> � °

Sweden and who did not belong to any Sami families.

the yields of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

137Cs Bq=kgBWM ¼ �169:<sup>8</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>3</sup>:<sup>796</sup> � °

R2 <sup>¼</sup> <sup>0</sup>:32,

Table 1.

Figure 4.

R2 <sup>¼</sup> <sup>0</sup>:88.

54

� kgBW

� kgBW

The 137Cs-concentration, Bq per kg body weight (Bq/kg), the potassium concentration in gK per kg body weight gK/kgBW in the reference groups from the rural population measured 1965 at various places in northern Sweden.

137Cs Bq ð Þ¼� <sup>=</sup>gK <sup>1614</sup>:<sup>243</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>9</sup>:<sup>307</sup> � °

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83031

137Cs Bq=kgBW ¼ �3034:<sup>159</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>17</sup>:<sup>152</sup> � °

female group.

values from Table 2 and displayed in Figure 7b.

6. Whole body measurements of reindeer raising Sami

previously published by Kurt Lidén and collaborators [8–10].

These differences are even higher for the younger group.

people in Jokkmokk district (c).

Sirges. (c) Rural non-Sami in Jokkmokk district.

Figure 8.

57

N

Gamma-Ray Emitting Radionuclides in People Living in Northern Sub Arctic Regions

N

The predicted values from these equations are plotted against the measured

The large spread in the values for males is probably due to large variations in body-weight and potassium content. While these quantities are less variable for the

The high accumulation of fallout from nuclear bomb tests in the food chain lichen - reindeer meat—man (Figure 2), and large consumption of reindeer meat result in substantially increased 137Cs levels in reindeer-raising Sami.

This relationship was explored during 1961 and 1962 by measurements of the 137Cs body burden of the Same population in Jokkmokk. The Whole-body measurement program extended in 1963 to some other places in the reindeer-raising district. The results of these measurements which are summarised below have

Figure 8 shows the activity concentration (Bq/kg) of 137Cs during the period

Jåkkåkaska, Tuorpon, Loukta-Mavas and Sirges (previously named Sirkas), as well in non-Sami rural people in the Jokkmokk district. The 137Cs activity concentration

The activity concentration (Bq/kg) of 137Cs during the period 1961–1965 in old and young male Sami people in various Sami villages (a and b) and rural non-Sami

(a) Mountain Sami villages people Jåkkåkaska,Tuorpon, and Loukta-Mavas. (b) Mountain Sami village

1961–1965 in old and young male Sami people in mountain Sami villages

increased rapidly between 1963 and 1964 due to the extensive atmospheric nuclear weapon testing in 1961. In 1965, average levels in the range of about 200–700 Bq/kgBW were reached, with some individual males above 1000 Bq/kgBW. In Figure 8 presents the variation of the 137Cs activity concentration during the period September 1961–March 1965 for male elderly (age 20–70a) and youngster (age 11–19a) for both the Sami people and the control group at Jokkmokk. Between 1964 and 1965, the older group in rural non-Sami people in Jokkmokk district has a lower level of 137Cs than the group in mountain Sami village Sirges (Si), which in turn was 40% lower than the groups Jåkkåkaska, Tuorpon, and Luokta-Mavas (JA).

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>3</sup>:<sup>737</sup> � °

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>6</sup>:<sup>855</sup> � °

E

E

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>539</sup>:<sup>87</sup> � gK=kgBW

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>1027</sup>:<sup>201</sup> � gK=kgBW

(5)

(6)

Figure 6.

Biplot of the results of principal component analysis (PCA) of the variables, latitude, longitude, 137Cs-concentration, and potassium concentration Table 1 Labelled A and in Table 2 labelled B.

A partial least squares modelling of the activity concentration of 137Cs given in Table 2, with position (°N,°E), and potassium concentration (gK/kgBW) as dependent variables was performed for FM and M respectively. The equations for prediction of 137Cs activity concentration in Bq per kg body weight are given below for females and males respectively.

Male R2 ≈0:6

$${}^{137}\text{Cs} \left( \text{Bq/gK} \right) = -474.743 + 5.109 \times \left( {}^{\circ}\text{N} \right) + 2.550 \times \left( {}^{\circ}\text{E} \right) + 70.549 \times \left( {}^{\circ}\text{K/kg}\_{\text{BW}} \right) \tag{3}$$

137Cs Bq=kgBW ¼ �1189:<sup>764</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>12</sup>:<sup>436</sup> � ° N <sup>þ</sup> <sup>6</sup>:<sup>253</sup> � ° E <sup>þ</sup> <sup>182</sup>:<sup>643</sup> � gK=kgBW (4)

Female R<sup>2</sup> ≈0:98

#### Figure 7.

(a) Predicted versus the measured 137Cs body concentration in Bq/kg body weight. (b) Predicted versus the measured value of the ratio of 137Cs activity (Bq) and potassium content (gK).

Gamma-Ray Emitting Radionuclides in People Living in Northern Sub Arctic Regions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83031

$${}^{137}\text{Cs} \left( \text{Bq/gK} \right) = -1614.243 + 9.307 \times \left( {}^{\text{\tiny N}}\text{N} \right) + 3.737 \times \left( {}^{\text{\tiny C}}\text{E} \right) + 539.87 \times \left( \text{gK/kg}\_{\text{BW}} \right) \tag{5}$$

$${}^{137}\text{Cs} \text{(Bq/kg}\_{\text{BW}}) = -3034.159 + 17.152 \times \text{(\text{\textdegree N})} + 6.855 \times \text{(\textdegree E)} + 1027.201 \times \text{(\textdegree gK/kg}\_{\text{BW}})} \tag{6}$$

The predicted values from these equations are plotted against the measured values from Table 2 and displayed in Figure 7b.

The large spread in the values for males is probably due to large variations in body-weight and potassium content. While these quantities are less variable for the female group.

#### 6. Whole body measurements of reindeer raising Sami

The high accumulation of fallout from nuclear bomb tests in the food chain lichen - reindeer meat—man (Figure 2), and large consumption of reindeer meat result in substantially increased 137Cs levels in reindeer-raising Sami.

This relationship was explored during 1961 and 1962 by measurements of the 137Cs body burden of the Same population in Jokkmokk. The Whole-body measurement program extended in 1963 to some other places in the reindeer-raising district. The results of these measurements which are summarised below have previously published by Kurt Lidén and collaborators [8–10].

Figure 8 shows the activity concentration (Bq/kg) of 137Cs during the period 1961–1965 in old and young male Sami people in mountain Sami villages Jåkkåkaska, Tuorpon, Loukta-Mavas and Sirges (previously named Sirkas), as well in non-Sami rural people in the Jokkmokk district. The 137Cs activity concentration increased rapidly between 1963 and 1964 due to the extensive atmospheric nuclear weapon testing in 1961. In 1965, average levels in the range of about 200–700 Bq/kgBW were reached, with some individual males above 1000 Bq/kgBW.

In Figure 8 presents the variation of the 137Cs activity concentration during the period September 1961–March 1965 for male elderly (age 20–70a) and youngster (age 11–19a) for both the Sami people and the control group at Jokkmokk. Between 1964 and 1965, the older group in rural non-Sami people in Jokkmokk district has a lower level of 137Cs than the group in mountain Sami village Sirges (Si), which in turn was 40% lower than the groups Jåkkåkaska, Tuorpon, and Luokta-Mavas (JA). These differences are even higher for the younger group.

The activity concentration (Bq/kg) of 137Cs during the period 1961–1965 in old and young male Sami people in various Sami villages (a and b) and rural non-Sami people in Jokkmokk district (c).

#### Figure 8.

(a) Mountain Sami villages people Jåkkåkaska,Tuorpon, and Loukta-Mavas. (b) Mountain Sami village Sirges. (c) Rural non-Sami in Jokkmokk district.

A partial least squares modelling of the activity concentration of 137Cs given in

N

(a) Predicted versus the measured 137Cs body concentration in Bq/kg body weight. (b) Predicted versus the

measured value of the ratio of 137Cs activity (Bq) and potassium content (gK).

N

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>2</sup>:<sup>550</sup> � °

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>6</sup>:<sup>253</sup> � °

E

E

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>70</sup>:<sup>549</sup> � gK=kgBW

<sup>þ</sup> <sup>182</sup>:<sup>643</sup> � gK=kgBW

(3)

 (4)

Table 2, with position (°N,°E), and potassium concentration (gK/kgBW) as dependent variables was performed for FM and M respectively. The equations for prediction of 137Cs activity concentration in Bq per kg body weight are given below

Biplot of the results of principal component analysis (PCA) of the variables, latitude, longitude, 137Cs-concentration, and potassium concentration Table 1 Labelled A and in Table 2 labelled B.

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

for females and males respectively.

≈0:98

137Cs Bq ð Þ¼� <sup>=</sup>gK <sup>474</sup>:<sup>743</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>5</sup>:<sup>109</sup> � °

¼ �1189:<sup>764</sup> <sup>þ</sup> <sup>12</sup>:<sup>436</sup> � °

≈0:6

Male R2

Figure 6.

137Cs Bq=kgBW

Female R<sup>2</sup>

Figure 7.

56

In Figure 9 are given the 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 in Sami people from four different districts. The Arvidsjaur district comprises three groups from forest villages, and the others are from mountain Sami villages in Jokkmokk municipality (Jåkkåkaska, Tuorpon, and Sirges), Funäsdalen and Övre Soppero. The average 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 increased from 300 to

Although some individuals in 1965 showed 137Cs levels above 1000 Bq per kg body weight, they expressed no fear about these high levels. Instead, individuals with high levels were respected and honoured, because high levels of radioactivity

Figure 10 shows the principal component analysis (PCA) results of the 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 in Saami people in four different districts displayed in Figure 9 and the control groups given in Table 2. Figure 10 clearly shows the difference between the Sami people and the people in the control groups. The main difference between the two populations is due to the higher consumption

The annual radiation dose contribution to an adult person of a constant 137Cs body-concentration of 1 Bq/kgBW is estimated to be about 2.2 μSv per year. During

The radiation-dose contribution to people who eat many foods with high concentrations of caesium-137 is estimated to be about 1–2 mSv/year. However, the radiation dose from a large intake of reindeer meat is also due to naturally occurring polonium-210 [11]. The total radiation dose from all environmental sources is esti-

A catastrophic nuclear accident occurred on the 25–26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the now-abandoned town of Pripyat, in northern Ukraine, approximately 104 km north of Kiev. During several days the accident caused a large release of fission- and neutron-activation products to the atmosphere. Already the following day the atmospheric plume of released radioactivity reached Sweden. During April 28th a heavy rainfall deposited the radioactive dust in the plume over the central part of

During 1991 and 1992 whole-body content of 137Cs was measured in the Sami population of northern Sweden. The Radiation Physics department at Umeå University arranged measurements in three areas with various levels of 137Cs deposition

lation varied between 1.1 and 2.0 kBq, and for the Sami population between 3.4 and 25 kBq. Figure 11 shows the average 137Cs activity concentration in the Sami and urban population in districts of various contamination level. In the most contaminated areas, there were some individuals with levels above 1000 Bq/kgBW.

) in Sami

Cs in the general popu-

Sweden, leading to high surface contamination of 137Cs (>100 kBq.m<sup>2</sup>

Two groups of individuals are randomly chosen, of which one group representing the urban population of the area, and the other the members of the

Sami communities. The average whole-body content of <sup>1</sup>З<sup>7</sup>

1995 the male reindeer-raising mountain Sami with an average 137Cs body-

concentration of about 500 Bq/kg received about 1.1 mSv per year.

600 Bq/kg body weight in Sami people living in mountain villages.

Gamma-Ray Emitting Radionuclides in People Living in Northern Sub Arctic Regions

were a sign of hard and dedicated work with the reindeer.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83031

of meat and other products of reindeer by the Sami people.

7. Radiation dose contribution and health aspects

mated to be about 3–4 mSv/ year.

8. The Chernobyl accident

populated reindeer raising districts.

[12–14].

59

#### Figure 9.

The average values and the estimated standard deviation (SD) given for 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 in Sami people in four different reindeer raising districts. The Arvidsjaur district comprises three groups from forest villages. The other are from the mountain Sami villages in Jokkmokk municipality (Jåkkåkaska,Tuorpon, and Sirges) Funäsdalen and Övre Soppero.

Not shown in the figure, the differences in 137Cs levels for the 20–70 age group of women in Sirges was lower than in JA with 10% in 1964 and 25% in 1965. The girls (age 11–19a) have about equal levels in 1964 in Sirges and JA. However, in 1965 the levels in Sirges was about 20% lower than in JA [10].

Figure 10. The result of PCA analysis of all whole body measurements during 1963–1965.

Gamma-Ray Emitting Radionuclides in People Living in Northern Sub Arctic Regions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83031

In Figure 9 are given the 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 in Sami people from four different districts. The Arvidsjaur district comprises three groups from forest villages, and the others are from mountain Sami villages in Jokkmokk municipality (Jåkkåkaska, Tuorpon, and Sirges), Funäsdalen and Övre Soppero. The average 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 increased from 300 to 600 Bq/kg body weight in Sami people living in mountain villages.

Although some individuals in 1965 showed 137Cs levels above 1000 Bq per kg body weight, they expressed no fear about these high levels. Instead, individuals with high levels were respected and honoured, because high levels of radioactivity were a sign of hard and dedicated work with the reindeer.

Figure 10 shows the principal component analysis (PCA) results of the 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 in Saami people in four different districts displayed in Figure 9 and the control groups given in Table 2. Figure 10 clearly shows the difference between the Sami people and the people in the control groups. The main difference between the two populations is due to the higher consumption of meat and other products of reindeer by the Sami people.

#### 7. Radiation dose contribution and health aspects

The annual radiation dose contribution to an adult person of a constant 137Cs body-concentration of 1 Bq/kgBW is estimated to be about 2.2 μSv per year. During 1995 the male reindeer-raising mountain Sami with an average 137Cs bodyconcentration of about 500 Bq/kg received about 1.1 mSv per year.

The radiation-dose contribution to people who eat many foods with high concentrations of caesium-137 is estimated to be about 1–2 mSv/year. However, the radiation dose from a large intake of reindeer meat is also due to naturally occurring polonium-210 [11]. The total radiation dose from all environmental sources is estimated to be about 3–4 mSv/ year.

### 8. The Chernobyl accident

A catastrophic nuclear accident occurred on the 25–26 April 1986 in the No. 4 light water graphite moderated reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant near the now-abandoned town of Pripyat, in northern Ukraine, approximately 104 km north of Kiev. During several days the accident caused a large release of fission- and neutron-activation products to the atmosphere. Already the following day the atmospheric plume of released radioactivity reached Sweden. During April 28th a heavy rainfall deposited the radioactive dust in the plume over the central part of Sweden, leading to high surface contamination of 137Cs (>100 kBq.m<sup>2</sup> ) in Sami populated reindeer raising districts.

During 1991 and 1992 whole-body content of 137Cs was measured in the Sami population of northern Sweden. The Radiation Physics department at Umeå University arranged measurements in three areas with various levels of 137Cs deposition [12–14].

Two groups of individuals are randomly chosen, of which one group representing the urban population of the area, and the other the members of the Sami communities. The average whole-body content of <sup>1</sup>З<sup>7</sup> Cs in the general population varied between 1.1 and 2.0 kBq, and for the Sami population between 3.4 and 25 kBq. Figure 11 shows the average 137Cs activity concentration in the Sami and urban population in districts of various contamination level. In the most contaminated areas, there were some individuals with levels above 1000 Bq/kgBW.

Not shown in the figure, the differences in 137Cs levels for the 20–70 age group of women in Sirges was lower than in JA with 10% in 1964 and 25% in 1965. The girls (age 11–19a) have about equal levels in 1964 in Sirges and JA. However, in 1965

The average values and the estimated standard deviation (SD) given for 137Cs activity concentration during 1963–1965 in Sami people in four different reindeer raising districts. The Arvidsjaur district comprises three groups from forest villages. The other are from the mountain Sami villages in Jokkmokk municipality

the levels in Sirges was about 20% lower than in JA [10].

The result of PCA analysis of all whole body measurements during 1963–1965.

(Jåkkåkaska,Tuorpon, and Sirges) Funäsdalen and Övre Soppero.

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

58

also given in Figure 12 [15]. The extrapolated value of whole-body measurements of 137Cs in the Swedish Sami population from 1994 to 2007 is about twice the Ukraine value. The Sami population living in Northern Sub Arctic regions is primarily affected

Enhanced 137Cs concentrations in reindeer raising people has also been reported from in Finland and Russia [16]. Eskimos and other inhabitants in Alaska consuming caribou (wild reindeer) show enhanced 137Cs body concentrations [17]. In Figure 13 is displayed values of the ratio of 137Cs body activity (Bq) and potassium content (gK) in people living in Northern Sub Arctic regions and consuming reindeer or caribou (Alaska). The values in Figure 13 derive from this work and Table 3 in the 1964 Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the

The discovery of the massive increase of 137Cs bodily activity (Bq) in the Sami population in Sweden and Finland and closely related populations of the Soviet Union and its steady increase in the 1960's actually forced the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union test bans in 1964 promising to refrain from test nuclear

The ratio of 137Cs total body activity (Bq) and potassium content (gK) in people living in northern Sub Arctic regions consuming reindeer or caribou (Alaska). The lower curve is the average of the control groups

Time Jokkmokk Funäsdalen Ö Soppero Arvidsjaur AVE SD 1963.33 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.59 0.05 1964.25 1.1 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.93 0.19 1965.25 1.3 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.2 0.8 0.8 0.5 1.13 0.24

The estimated annual radiation dose contribution to adults (mSv per year) of 137Cs body-content at various

places in Sweden and averages (AVE) with standard deviation (SD) in the last column.

by atmospheric deposition of the gamma emitting radionuclide 137Cs.

Gamma-Ray Emitting Radionuclides in People Living in Northern Sub Arctic Regions

effects of atomic radiation [18].

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83031

weapons in the atmosphere [7].

Figure 13.

in Lund [8].

Table 3.

61

Figure 11. The average 137Cs activity concentration in the Sami and urban population in various districts [12].

#### 9. Discussion and conclusion

Figure 12 displays the results of whole-body measurements of 137Cs in the Swedish Sami population from nuclear weapons fallout during the 1960th and the Chernobyl fallout after the 1986 accident. For comparison, the 2006–2010 results of reported whole-body measurements of people living in the vicinity of Chernobyl are

Figure 12.

Summary of the 137Cs activity concentration in the Swedish Sami population measured by the research teams from Lund and Umeå universities. The 137Cs activity concentration in people living in the vicinity of Chernobyl in Ukraine, (symbol Δ in the figure) derives from published data [15].

Gamma-Ray Emitting Radionuclides in People Living in Northern Sub Arctic Regions DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83031

also given in Figure 12 [15]. The extrapolated value of whole-body measurements of 137Cs in the Swedish Sami population from 1994 to 2007 is about twice the Ukraine value. The Sami population living in Northern Sub Arctic regions is primarily affected by atmospheric deposition of the gamma emitting radionuclide 137Cs.

Enhanced 137Cs concentrations in reindeer raising people has also been reported from in Finland and Russia [16]. Eskimos and other inhabitants in Alaska consuming caribou (wild reindeer) show enhanced 137Cs body concentrations [17].

In Figure 13 is displayed values of the ratio of 137Cs body activity (Bq) and potassium content (gK) in people living in Northern Sub Arctic regions and consuming reindeer or caribou (Alaska). The values in Figure 13 derive from this work and Table 3 in the 1964 Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the effects of atomic radiation [18].

The discovery of the massive increase of 137Cs bodily activity (Bq) in the Sami population in Sweden and Finland and closely related populations of the Soviet Union and its steady increase in the 1960's actually forced the United States, United Kingdom and Soviet Union test bans in 1964 promising to refrain from test nuclear weapons in the atmosphere [7].

#### Figure 13.

9. Discussion and conclusion

Figure 11.

Figure 12.

60

Figure 12 displays the results of whole-body measurements of 137Cs in the Swedish Sami population from nuclear weapons fallout during the 1960th and the Chernobyl fallout after the 1986 accident. For comparison, the 2006–2010 results of reported whole-body measurements of people living in the vicinity of Chernobyl are

Summary of the 137Cs activity concentration in the Swedish Sami population measured by the research teams from Lund and Umeå universities. The 137Cs activity concentration in people living in the vicinity of Chernobyl

in Ukraine, (symbol Δ in the figure) derives from published data [15].

The average 137Cs activity concentration in the Sami and urban population in various districts [12].

Use of Gamma Radiation Techniques in Peaceful Applications

The ratio of 137Cs total body activity (Bq) and potassium content (gK) in people living in northern Sub Arctic regions consuming reindeer or caribou (Alaska). The lower curve is the average of the control groups in Lund [8].


Table 3.

The estimated annual radiation dose contribution to adults (mSv per year) of 137Cs body-content at various places in Sweden and averages (AVE) with standard deviation (SD) in the last column.
