*2.1.1 Wrist disarticulation*

*Computer Architecture in Industrial, Biomechanical and Biomedical Engineering*

are discussed, followed by the state-of-the-art prostheses under development. At the end of this section, 3D printed prostheses are discussed. Finally, the section is concluded with a tabular comparison of all these prostheses highlighting the afford-

The prosthesis design may change with the change in the amputation level. For example, if a person lost the little finger of the right hand, he/she would only need an esthetic prosthesis. However, if the level of amputation is wrist, then the prosthesis required must have the functionality of all fingers and thumb to grip or hold an object. In this section, the level of amputation for upper and lower limbs is

The upper limb prosthesis design and functionality varies with the level of amputation. There are five main amputation levels for upper limb [3], as shown in

**Figure 2**, and each of them is briefly discussed below.

**10**

discussed.

**Figure 1.**

ability of the prostheses.

*Classification of prostheses.*

**2. Level of amputation**

**2.1 Upper limb prostheses**

In wrist disarticulation, the limb is amputated at the level of the wrist without affecting the bones and muscles of the forearm. The amputee is able to perform all the movements of the arm and forearm. Also, the amputee can contract the residual muscles responsible for wrist and finger movements.
