**7. Conclusion**

*Pharmaceutical Formulation Design - Recent Practices*

**5. Customized implants and prostheses**

and prostheses are as follows:

surrounded by barrier layers that modulate release, is found [55]. One example is the printing of a multilayered bone implant with a distinct drug release profile alternating between rifampicin and isoniazid in a pulse release mechanism. 3D printing has also been used to print antibiotic micropatterns on paper, which have

In a research concerning drug release profiles, chlorpheniramine maleate was 3D printed onto a cellulose powder substrate in amounts as small as 10–12 moles to demonstrate that even a minute quantity of drug could be released at a specified time. This study displayed improved accuracy for the release of very small drug

By the support of MRI, CT scan, and X-ray and its translation into .stl 3D print

Standard as well as complex surgical implants and prosthetic limbs can be made as per need in time as less as 24 hours. Spinal dental and hip implants have been fabricated so far but their validation is a time-consuming process. Previously, in order to achieve a desired shape and size that fits perfectly, surgeons had to craft metal and plastic pieces and perform bone grafting or use drill machines to modify the implants [2, 7]. This also stands correct in neurosurgery cases due to the irregu-

Some examples of commercially and clinically successful 3D printed implants

a.First 3D printed titanium mandibular porsthesis was implanted successfully at

b.Dental, orthopedic, maxillofacial, and spinal implants are manufactured by a

By using silver nanoparticles, chondrocytes, and silicon, a prosthetic ear was made out of 3D printing technology that was able to detect electromagnetic frequencies. The impact of this technology is so extensive in the field of hearing aids that today 99% of customized hearing aids are made using 3D printers, because, as everyone's ear canal has a different shape, this technology is able to provide perfect fit for each receiver and, moreover, the devices can be produced efficiently and cost

In order to have successful medical procedures, knowledge about patients' specific anatomy before medical surgery is essential due to variations in individual and complex human anatomy. 3D printed models have helped extensively in this

One of the most complicated structures of human body is the head, whose 3D printed neuro-anatomical models are of great help to neurosurgeons. Sometimes, it is very difficult to gain detailed information about the connections between skull architecture, cerebral structure, cranial nerves, and vessels from radiographic 2D

c.Invisalign braces is another successful commercial use of 3D printing.

been used as drug implants to eradicate *Staphylococcus epidermidis* [53].

doses compared with conventionally manufactured medications [53].

files, implants and prostheses of any possible shape can be made [1, 7, 55].

lar shape of the skull whose standardization is a complex procedure.

BIOMED Research Institute in Belgium [1].

**6. Anatomical models for surgical preparations**

respect, making them a vital tool for surgical methods [1, 55].

company named Layer Wise [55].

**146**

effectively [7].

3D printing technology is a valuable and potential tool for the pharmaceutical sector, leading to personalized medicine focused on the patients' needs. It offers numerous advantages, such as increasing the cost efficiency and the manufacturing speed. 3D printing has revolutionized the way in which manufacturing is done. It improves the design manufacturing and reduces lead time and tooling cost for new products. This chapter has summarized different fabrication methods and some notable applications of 3D printing in the healthcare sector, especially in pharmaceutical sciences.
