**8. Balloon venoplasty**

Balloon venoplasty can be performed after the bulky thrombus has been removed uncovering an underlying venous stenosis. This can be treated with venoplasty to improve the diameter of the vessel thus improving its flow. It is the gold standard for venous stenosis in various distributions including subclavian, iliac or venacava corresponding to the various syndromes described previously. Typically, these interventions treat the underlying venous stenosis resulting in venous patency. The more central the venous stenosis, the better the result following venoplasty. Recurrent or residual venous stenosis following balloon venoplasty occurs frequently especially in those patients with chronic central venous catheters. Despite venoplasty, these venous lesions are very difficult to treat and recurrent venous stenosis may require stenting
