**6. Conclusion**

In this chapter, results of the research work carried out by the collaboration between the BioẼrgon Research Group and the Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre (CCMIJU) during the last 15 years have been presented. This research was performed based on the methodology of ergonomics, using the instrumental techniques of the Biomechanics of Human Movement to analyze the presence of risk factors of musculoskeletal pathologies in the multiple tasks of laparoscopic surgery and to establish ergonomic criteria that allow to improve the working conditions of surgeons, as well as the design of the laparoscopic material. Results of the research are useful for organizational and ergonomic decision-making, aimed at the introduction of an ergonomic conception of laparoscopic surgery processes for the improvement of occupational health and quality of life of the surgeons. Factors and levels of risk of suffering musculoskeletal injuries in the neck and shoulder associated with posture and muscular activity have been determined, which can be used for the prevention of musculoskeletal pathologies. In addition, the knowledge what was gathered from the real environment of the operating theater can be useful for training of surgeons in laparoscopic surgery on adaptation of the posture during the intervention. Finally, it is relevant to highlight the whole research process conducted for more than a decade, starting from the initial epidemiological study and evolving with the use of biomechanics methodology up to the analysis of neuromuscular control strategies using the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis model.
