6. B-cell and pathologies

B-cells are threatened by various pathologies, including (i) immune deficiency, which results from a disruption in their homeostasis due to mutations or deletions, abnormalities in mechanisms of gene repair, Ig class generation, Ig affinity modulation, etc.; (ii) autoimmune disorders, in which potentially dangerous self-reactive clone B-cells escape from mechanisms of tolerance; (iii) cancerous tumors, which result from a disorder in the succession of phases of proliferation and cell death or in the processes of generation of cell diversity; and (iv) allergies that are particularly related to regulatory abnormalities involving Br1 (IL-10<sup>+</sup> ), Br3 (TGF-β<sup>+</sup> ), and regulatory B-cells (Breg, Foxp3<sup>+</sup> ) [52]. The main B-cell-associated diseases are illustrated in Figure 8.

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