**4. The valorization of new technologies for agricultural product conservation in Burkina Faso**

This section presents the concept of valorization and analyzes the national environment through existing valorization structures and actions.

#### **4.1 The concept of valorization**

The valorization of the results of the research is a polysemic and multidimensional concept whose content varies according to the implied actors, their expectations, and their interests. [17] distinguishes six different categories from the concept of valorization in Burkina Faso: academic or professional, scientific, technological, economic, social, and political valorizations. Of course, these different categories are not mutually exclusive. Academic valorization involves the incorporation of recent research results into the training modules for updating the

**55**

*Local Techniques for Crop Conservation in Burkina Faso: Analysis of the Valorization Status…*

content of the courses offered to students or professionals engaged in the process of improving their professional knowledge and skills. Scientific valorization is mainly the activity of researchers. For these authors, the valorization of the results of research means the diffusion and the exchange of knowledge. The valorization is concerned in this case with the dissemination in the form of scientific publications in specialized journals, communications at conferences and seminars, posters, data

The social valorization of a research or an innovation aims to demonstrate the social utility of research or innovation in particular for the company to provide public funding. Economic valorization emphasizes the economic utility of innovation including its contribution to economic growth, increased productivity, and the creation of jobs and incomes for people. Regarding political valorization it aims to take into account innovations in the formulation execution, evaluation of public

The national referential of the interventions of the government of Burkina Faso and its partners over the period 2016-2020, which is the National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES), gives importance to the valorization seeking to increase the number of research results and innovations valued in favor of the structural transformation of the economy. This is justified by the fact that most

In Burkina Faso, scientific research and invention and innovation activities have generated many results that can contribute to the endogenous development of populations in many sectors of economic activity. Indeed the support provided to research and innovation since the 1990s by institutions such as the World Bank bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies as well as international research institutions has enabled the country to have access to scientific and technological knowledge that can bring added value to the direct beneficiaries and to the State

However, it is clear that many of these research and innovation results are less known to potential users, less used, and of little value. However, research activities are expensive, and the low value of research results is thus a poor allocation of resources as is the case in many developing countries [14]. In response to this, policy-makers are committed to enhancing the value of scientific research results, innovations, and inventions by institutionalizing the National Forum for Scientific Research and Technological Innovations (FRSIT) in 1995. The Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, and Innovation (MESRSI) through the general direction of the National Agency for the Valorization of Research Results (DG ANVAR) organizes every 2 years the "FRSIT." This forum allows all actors (decision-makers, researchers, inventors and innovators, promoters, development partners, users, and the public) to become familiar with the research, its results, and the inventions and technological innovations realized in Burkina Faso but also outside the country. It is in this national environment favorable to the valorization of the results of research and innovation that the technologies Tilgr-Baore and Klimax Z were created by local innovators. What is the importance of intellectual property rights in the valorization of innovations?

Intellectual property rights are mechanisms for the recognition and protection of intellectual materialization through invention and innovation which entitle their authors to use the fruit resulting from the valorization of their creation. Protection

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85179*

policies, and decision-making in general.

innovations are poorly known by potential users.

**4.2 Analysis of the national environment**

and thus reduce poverty in the country.

**4.3 The intellectual property rights**

sheets, photo, and video.

#### *Local Techniques for Crop Conservation in Burkina Faso: Analysis of the Valorization Status… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85179*

content of the courses offered to students or professionals engaged in the process of improving their professional knowledge and skills. Scientific valorization is mainly the activity of researchers. For these authors, the valorization of the results of research means the diffusion and the exchange of knowledge. The valorization is concerned in this case with the dissemination in the form of scientific publications in specialized journals, communications at conferences and seminars, posters, data sheets, photo, and video.

The social valorization of a research or an innovation aims to demonstrate the social utility of research or innovation in particular for the company to provide public funding. Economic valorization emphasizes the economic utility of innovation including its contribution to economic growth, increased productivity, and the creation of jobs and incomes for people. Regarding political valorization it aims to take into account innovations in the formulation execution, evaluation of public policies, and decision-making in general.

The national referential of the interventions of the government of Burkina Faso and its partners over the period 2016-2020, which is the National Economic and Social Development Plan (PNDES), gives importance to the valorization seeking to increase the number of research results and innovations valued in favor of the structural transformation of the economy. This is justified by the fact that most innovations are poorly known by potential users.

#### **4.2 Analysis of the national environment**

In Burkina Faso, scientific research and invention and innovation activities have generated many results that can contribute to the endogenous development of populations in many sectors of economic activity. Indeed the support provided to research and innovation since the 1990s by institutions such as the World Bank bilateral and multilateral cooperation agencies as well as international research institutions has enabled the country to have access to scientific and technological knowledge that can bring added value to the direct beneficiaries and to the State and thus reduce poverty in the country.

However, it is clear that many of these research and innovation results are less known to potential users, less used, and of little value. However, research activities are expensive, and the low value of research results is thus a poor allocation of resources as is the case in many developing countries [14]. In response to this, policy-makers are committed to enhancing the value of scientific research results, innovations, and inventions by institutionalizing the National Forum for Scientific Research and Technological Innovations (FRSIT) in 1995. The Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research, and Innovation (MESRSI) through the general direction of the National Agency for the Valorization of Research Results (DG ANVAR) organizes every 2 years the "FRSIT." This forum allows all actors (decision-makers, researchers, inventors and innovators, promoters, development partners, users, and the public) to become familiar with the research, its results, and the inventions and technological innovations realized in Burkina Faso but also outside the country. It is in this national environment favorable to the valorization of the results of research and innovation that the technologies Tilgr-Baore and Klimax Z were created by local innovators. What is the importance of intellectual property rights in the valorization of innovations?

#### **4.3 The intellectual property rights**

Intellectual property rights are mechanisms for the recognition and protection of intellectual materialization through invention and innovation which entitle their authors to use the fruit resulting from the valorization of their creation. Protection

*Agricultural Economics - Current Issues*

producers in rural areas. It keeps up to 98% of production. The cost of making this innovation amounts to 1 million CFA francs. Given this cost, the exploitation in association or in a group of both producers and sellers is recommended [14].

This section presents the concept of valorization and analyzes the national

The valorization of the results of the research is a polysemic and multidimensional concept whose content varies according to the implied actors, their expectations, and their interests. [17] distinguishes six different categories from the concept of valorization in Burkina Faso: academic or professional, scientific, technological, economic, social, and political valorizations. Of course, these different categories are not mutually exclusive. Academic valorization involves the incorporation of recent research results into the training modules for updating the

**4. The valorization of new technologies for agricultural product** 

environment through existing valorization structures and actions.

**conservation in Burkina Faso**

*Presentation of Tilgr-Baore. Source: The promoter, 2018.*

**4.1 The concept of valorization**

**54**

**Figure 3.**

reassures innovators that products are not being pirated or spoofed. It puts innovators in trust with the use of their products with recognition because many innovators are reluctant to give information about the "processes" that are used in their innovation.

There are several systems of protection of an invention/innovation among which patents are the most known and most commonly used in Burkina Faso. The benefits of patent protection are multiple. In particular, the protection allows the work to be well scientifically documented, protects potential users, and provides substantial remuneration to the inventor or research institute concerned. Patents help to strengthen the country's brand image because the more the number of patents increases, the more the level and credibility of the research or innovation that produces them are enhanced [18].

Burkina Faso is a member of the African Intellectual Property Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. These institutions are responsible for the management of patents and other intellectual property rights. There is also a National Intellectual Property Office (DNPI) in the country which is the public institution charged with protecting the intellectual property rights of innovators and raising awareness and giving advice on the need for property ownership. However, the partnership of innovators with intellectual property organizations is weak in the agricultural sectors of Burkina Faso.

### **4.4 Valorization statements and constraint of valorization of Tilgr-Baore technology**

The Tilgr-Baore technology was presented at the National Forum for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation (FRSIT) in 2016, where it was selected among the best innovations and awards. FRSIT has also included it on the national list of innovations. The steps for the patenting of Tilgr-Baore are in progress. The innovator with the support of FRSIT and DG ANVAR filed his patent application with the African Intellectual Property Organization. He holds from this organization for the moment just the acts which prove that he has introduced to OAPI his patent application for Tilgr-Baore.

Because of its importance for the conservation of agricultural products, the Tilgr-Baore is increasingly popularized by programs that work in the rural world. These projects include the Support Program for the Modernization of Agro-Pastoral Family Farms (PAMEFA program) whose objective is to promote modern family farming, the Agricultural Sector Support Project (PROFIL program) that involves installing 500 boxes of Tilgr-Baore types in four regions of the Burkina Faso, and an action research program of INSS, whose objective is to facilitate the access of Tilgr-Baore innovation to producers organized into associations and unions of associations.

Despite these promotional actions of Tilgr-Baore, there are constraints to the diffusion of innovation. The promoter of the innovation expresses itself in these terms: "There is the PROFIL program which has installed 5OO boxes in 4 regions of Burkina Faso, but has not been completed. There was no follow-up or training for the operators of the box so that these beneficiaries could use the technology" (Ouedraogo Lassane, Ouagadougou, November 2018).

Considering the example of the PROFIL project, the developer estimates at 35% the completion rate of the construction of the 500 Tilgr-Baore box. Lack of training of beneficiaries remains the main obstacle to exploiting innovation. These remarks raise the difficulty of training beneficiaries on the various facets of technology. From the maintenance of the environment where Tilgr-Baore is installed, to the box itself and then to the stored products, a whole procedure of maintenance must be taught to the beneficiaries of the box for its judicious exploitation.

**57**

*Local Techniques for Crop Conservation in Burkina Faso: Analysis of the Valorization Status…*

The Tilgr-Baore technology benefits from the support of various ministerial departments including the Department of Scientific Research and the Department of the Environment, Agriculture, Trade, and Crafts. This is an asset for promoting innovation, but it is difficult to bring together these different actors around a table to coordinate interventions. In this regard, the initiator of Tilgr-Baore said: "The fact that our technology brings together several ministerial departments, lead to difficulties to bring them together to work. This is a problem for us because we do not know how to bring all these authorities together to coordinate the actions of valorization of the technology" (Ouedraogo Lassane, Ouagadougou, November 2018). So, there is a need for a revitalization of the partnership between the ministerial departments, concerned with the promotion of innovation, and innovators. Based on survey data from rural producers, the following section analyzes the

Perception of innovation is very important in the adoption process. It indicates the user's view of a technology. Individual innovation decisions are based on the individual's perceptions of the innovation. According to [19], rejection, discontinuance, and re-invention frequently occur during the diffusion of an innovation, and such behavior may be rational and appropriate from the individual's point of view, if only the diffusion scholar could adequately understand the individual's perceptions of the innovation and of his or her own situation, problems, and needs. We are therefore analyzing the farmers' perception of Tilgr-Baore, in order to guide

This section presents the model used to analyze the perception of Tilgr-Baore, the source of the data, the descriptive statistics of the sample, and the econometric

The perception of Tilgr-Baore is analyzed using a probit model. The dependent variable is a binary variable. In most practical cases, one can choose indifferently between the models probit and logit, to analyze the perception of the innovation or adoption of innovation. We choose a probit model to analyze the perception of

the latent variable that is unobservable, whose value depends on a

*Xi* + ε*<sup>i</sup>* (1)

is the farmers' perceptions of Tilgr-Baoré

the sociodemographic and institutional characteristics that can

*Xi* + ε*<sup>i</sup>* > 0 (2)

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85179*

perception of Tilgr-Baoré technology by rural people.

policies aimed at better dissemination of this innovation.

**5.1 Model specification and definition of model variables**

series of explanatory variables Xi. We have the following equation:

*Yi* = 1 *if Y*<sup>∗</sup> > 0 that is to sayβ′

<sup>∗</sup> = β′

The dichotomous variable *Y*, observed, is linked to the latent variable *Y\** by the

results of the estimation.

Tilgr-Baore technology.

*Yi*

where the dependent variable *Yi*

*5.1.1 Probit model*

Consider Y\*

following relation:

= 0 *ifnot*.

technology and *Xi*

**5. Perception of farmers toward Tilgr-Baore technology**

*Local Techniques for Crop Conservation in Burkina Faso: Analysis of the Valorization Status… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85179*

The Tilgr-Baore technology benefits from the support of various ministerial departments including the Department of Scientific Research and the Department of the Environment, Agriculture, Trade, and Crafts. This is an asset for promoting innovation, but it is difficult to bring together these different actors around a table to coordinate interventions. In this regard, the initiator of Tilgr-Baore said: "The fact that our technology brings together several ministerial departments, lead to difficulties to bring them together to work. This is a problem for us because we do not know how to bring all these authorities together to coordinate the actions of valorization of the technology" (Ouedraogo Lassane, Ouagadougou, November 2018). So, there is a need for a revitalization of the partnership between the ministerial departments, concerned with the promotion of innovation, and innovators.

Based on survey data from rural producers, the following section analyzes the perception of Tilgr-Baoré technology by rural people.

## **5. Perception of farmers toward Tilgr-Baore technology**

Perception of innovation is very important in the adoption process. It indicates the user's view of a technology. Individual innovation decisions are based on the individual's perceptions of the innovation. According to [19], rejection, discontinuance, and re-invention frequently occur during the diffusion of an innovation, and such behavior may be rational and appropriate from the individual's point of view, if only the diffusion scholar could adequately understand the individual's perceptions of the innovation and of his or her own situation, problems, and needs. We are therefore analyzing the farmers' perception of Tilgr-Baore, in order to guide policies aimed at better dissemination of this innovation.

This section presents the model used to analyze the perception of Tilgr-Baore, the source of the data, the descriptive statistics of the sample, and the econometric results of the estimation.

#### **5.1 Model specification and definition of model variables**

The perception of Tilgr-Baore is analyzed using a probit model. The dependent variable is a binary variable. In most practical cases, one can choose indifferently between the models probit and logit, to analyze the perception of the innovation or adoption of innovation. We choose a probit model to analyze the perception of Tilgr-Baore technology.

#### *5.1.1 Probit model*

*Agricultural Economics - Current Issues*

that produces them are enhanced [18].

**technology**

associations.

patent application for Tilgr-Baore.

weak in the agricultural sectors of Burkina Faso.

reassures innovators that products are not being pirated or spoofed. It puts innovators in trust with the use of their products with recognition because many innovators are reluctant to give information about the "processes" that are used in their innovation. There are several systems of protection of an invention/innovation among which patents are the most known and most commonly used in Burkina Faso. The benefits of patent protection are multiple. In particular, the protection allows the work to be well scientifically documented, protects potential users, and provides substantial remuneration to the inventor or research institute concerned. Patents help to strengthen the country's brand image because the more the number of patents increases, the more the level and credibility of the research or innovation

Burkina Faso is a member of the African Intellectual Property Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization. These institutions are responsible for the management of patents and other intellectual property rights. There is also a National Intellectual Property Office (DNPI) in the country which is the public institution charged with protecting the intellectual property rights of innovators and raising awareness and giving advice on the need for property ownership. However, the partnership of innovators with intellectual property organizations is

**4.4 Valorization statements and constraint of valorization of Tilgr-Baore** 

The Tilgr-Baore technology was presented at the National Forum for Scientific Research and Technological Innovation (FRSIT) in 2016, where it was selected among the best innovations and awards. FRSIT has also included it on the national list of innovations. The steps for the patenting of Tilgr-Baore are in progress. The innovator with the support of FRSIT and DG ANVAR filed his patent application with the African Intellectual Property Organization. He holds from this organization for the moment just the acts which prove that he has introduced to OAPI his

Because of its importance for the conservation of agricultural products, the Tilgr-Baore is increasingly popularized by programs that work in the rural world. These projects include the Support Program for the Modernization of Agro-Pastoral Family Farms (PAMEFA program) whose objective is to promote modern family farming, the Agricultural Sector Support Project (PROFIL program) that involves installing 500 boxes of Tilgr-Baore types in four regions of the Burkina Faso, and an action research program of INSS, whose objective is to facilitate the access of Tilgr-Baore innovation to producers organized into associations and unions of

Despite these promotional actions of Tilgr-Baore, there are constraints to the diffusion of innovation. The promoter of the innovation expresses itself in these terms: "There is the PROFIL program which has installed 5OO boxes in 4 regions of Burkina Faso, but has not been completed. There was no follow-up or training for the operators of the box so that these beneficiaries could use the

Considering the example of the PROFIL project, the developer estimates at 35% the completion rate of the construction of the 500 Tilgr-Baore box. Lack of training of beneficiaries remains the main obstacle to exploiting innovation. These remarks raise the difficulty of training beneficiaries on the various facets of technology. From the maintenance of the environment where Tilgr-Baore is installed, to the box itself and then to the stored products, a whole procedure of maintenance must be

technology" (Ouedraogo Lassane, Ouagadougou, November 2018).

taught to the beneficiaries of the box for its judicious exploitation.

**56**

Consider Y\* the latent variable that is unobservable, whose value depends on a series of explanatory variables Xi. We have the following equation:

$$\mathbf{Y}\_i^\* = \boldsymbol{\mathfrak{f}}^\prime \mathbf{X}\_i + \mathbf{e}\_i \tag{1}$$

The dichotomous variable *Y*, observed, is linked to the latent variable *Y\** by the following relation:

$$Y\_i = \mathbf{1} \quad \text{if } Y^\* > \mathbf{0} \text{ that is to say} \\ \text{g}' \\ X\_i + \mathbf{e}\_i > \mathbf{0} \tag{2}$$

= 0 *ifnot*.

where the dependent variable *Yi* is the farmers' perceptions of Tilgr-Baoré technology and *Xi* the sociodemographic and institutional characteristics that can influence the perception of innovation. β being the coefficients, ε*i* is the error term. We assume the error term is distributed normally with mean zero and variance one. *i* = 1, 2……n. *n* is the number of observations.

If β′ *Xi* + ε*<sup>i</sup>* > 0, the farmer has a very good perception of the Tilgr-Baore, which tcould give him enough incentives to adopt the technology, and the dichotomous variable takes the value 1. The error term is due to the effects not considered.
