Meet the editor

Dr. Payam Behzadi was born in 1973, Tehran, Iran. He began his collaboration with the Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University as a faculty member (with MSc degree in microbiology) in 2004. He received his PhD degree in molecular biology in 2016 (BSc and MSc in microbiology; PhD in molecular biology) and now continues his scientific activities in the position of Assistant Professor at

the same university. He assists several students from different academic levels including BSc, MSc, and PhD. Dr. Payam Behzadi has authored and edited >15 chapters and academic books and >55 original and review articles. His scientific research interests are: urinary tract infections, bioinformatics, genetics, gene profiling, and molecular biology. Dr. Payam Behzadi trains as an ice skater in his free time.

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 7**

**Chapter 3 27**

**Chapter 4 49**

Introductory Chapter: Gene Regulation, an RNA Network-Dependent

Temporal and Spatial Differential Expression of Glutamate Receptor

Gene Activation by the Cytokine-Driven Transcription Factor STAT1

Distinct E2F-Mediated Transcriptional Mechanisms in Cell Proliferation,

*by Hideyuki Komori, Ritsuko Iwanaga, Andrew P. Bradford, Keigo Araki* 

*by Alejandra Rocio Rodríguez Ortiz, Mailyn Alejandra Bedoya Saldarriaga,* 

Architecture

Contents

*by Payam Behzadi and Lernik Issakhanian*

Genes in the Brain of Down Syndrome

Endoreplication and Apoptosis

*and Kiyoshi Ohtani*

*Julio César Montoya Villegas and Felipe García-Vallejo*

*by Roswitha Nast, Julia Staab and Thomas Meyer*

## Contents


Preface

Gene regulation is one of the most interesting and incredible discussion topics in life sciences. Indeed, the process of gene regulation is linked to many biomolecules, different spatial configuration of genes, enzymes, and environmental factors.

Genes are worthy pearls within the organisms' genomic treasure, which can be

In recent years, by the progression of disciplines such as bioinformatics, computational biology, computational chemistry etc., our understanding of gene characteristics and gene regulation has been extended and is closer to natural processes. The main reason for this progression is the availability of the created 3-dimensional illustrations and animations thanks to advanced computational technologies, online

When we go back several decades, only DNA molecules were the cornerstone of gene regulation. Indeed, the network of DNA molecules was regarded as the center of the gene regulation process. Today, this point of view has changed. In recent years, the process of gene regulation is known as a twin structured composition in which both RNA and DNA molecules have a pivotal role. In other words, the feature of gene regulation is simultaneously processed by the complex system of RNA and

Although in parallel with DNAs, RNAs have a pivotal role in prokaryotic gene regulation and this feature is much bolder in Eukaryotes than in bacteria. Due to this fact, the size of eukaryotic genomes is much larger than prokaryotes and there

For example, the small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) in Eukaryotes, which are situated in the nucleus, have a key role in the process of splicing, which may lead to formation of spliceosomes. This example is known as a normal process in eukaryotes and it does not occur in prokaryotic bacteria. Moreover, the process of splicing, which directly affects gene expression, separates the stages of transcription and translation in eukaryotes while the lack of splicing process in bacteria leads to simultane-

There are many examples that show the abundance of treasures relating to coding and ncRNAs in eukaryotes, which have a key role in the process of gene regulation.

In this regard, the presence of small RNAs of interference RNAs (RNAi) is an important occurrence in the post-transcriptional process that may lead to suppression or silencing gene expression. Interestingly, there are huge numbers of RNAi

Despite limited information regarding RNAi molecules, it is known that they are vital molecules that affect the process of gene regulation by controlling and/or

molecules with different mechanisms in different organisms.

are numerous RNAs that act as coding and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs).

brightened in due course according to the needs of cells.

and offline databases, tools, and software.

ous transcription and translation phases.

DNA networks.
