**5. Conclusion**

Vasculitis and vasculopathies are a challenge physicians face on a daily basis. Due to rarity of the diseases all over the globe, the scientific community is not able to perform studies with a great number of patients and biological medications seem to be the promise to a cure or the disease control. These groups of drugs are relatively new and still expensive in most countries. Furthermore, more studies need to be developed and long follow-ups should be performed before they are considered gold-standard treatment. In the medical reality nowadays, despite any consideration, an early diagnosis can change the whole disease course and prevent inabilities, and even without cure, it is indispensable to control symptoms and provide a better quality of life to patients.

**151**

*Vasculitis and Vasculopathies*

**Author details**

1 Dermatology, BWS Institute, Brazil

3 Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Brazil

6 Clinical Dermatology, Instituto BWS, Brazil

provided the original work is properly cited.

7 Cosmiatry, Instituto Superior de Medicina, Brazil

\*Address all correspondence to: apurzedo.71@gmail.com

4 Health Administration, Fundação Getulio Vargas, Brazil

Ana Paula Urzedo1,2\*, Mariane Martins Manso1,3,4 and Thaisa Macarini de Faria5,6,7

2 Cosmiatry, Faculdade de Medicina do ABC and Hospital Albert Einstein, Brazil

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

5 Faculdades Integradas da União Educacional do Planalto Central, Brazil

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92778*

*Vascular Biology - Selection of Mechanisms and Clinical Applications*

mechanism; therefore, they are not indicated [43].

well understood [42, 43].

thrombosis [44].

**5. Conclusion**

**4.12 Superficial thrombophlebitis**

lar weight heparin may be necessary [44].

provide a better quality of life to patients.

ated with resurgence of lesions when discontinuing the drug [41].

There is no fully effective treatment for the disease. Some authors use acetylsalicylic acid (300 mg daily) and/or dipyridamole (75 mg twice daily) as the first therapeutic modality, which facilitates blood perfusion. Other therapeutic options such as aspirin, heparin and warfarin can be used, however, aspirin is more associ-

More recently, studies have been conducted using eculizumab that have shown initial efficacy in skin and intestinal lesions, but the drug has not been able to prevent the development or progression of systemic manifestations. Subcutaneous treprostinil has been successfully tested in some cases with dramatic and sustained improvement in clinical status, although the response was not immediate. The mechanism of action of treprostinil in this scenario is not yet

The use of corticosteroids, chloroquine or other immunosuppressants has proved unsatisfactory and has great potential to worsen the disease by unknown

These are vascular inflammations with thrombus formation and consequent occlusion or may occur due to slow flow within a varicose vein. If thrombophlebitis is found in apparently normal superficial veins, attention should be paid to the possibility of underlying malignancy, thrombosing coagulopathy and silent deep vein

For therapeutic management, in cases of limited superficial thrombophlebitis below the knee, without evidence of deep vein thrombosis, compression by specific stockings and the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are enough, providing symptomatic relief. However, if there is deep venous thrombosis or extension to the saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junctions, prophylactic use of low molecu-

Vasculitis and vasculopathies are a challenge physicians face on a daily basis. Due to rarity of the diseases all over the globe, the scientific community is not able to perform studies with a great number of patients and biological medications seem to be the promise to a cure or the disease control. These groups of drugs are relatively new and still expensive in most countries. Furthermore, more studies need to be developed and long follow-ups should be performed before they are considered gold-standard treatment. In the medical reality nowadays, despite any consideration, an early diagnosis can change the whole disease course and prevent inabilities, and even without cure, it is indispensable to control symptoms and

**150**
