3.1 Transformation process

The term "transformation process" refers to the whole process to get stand transformed in row timber material and allocated in the landing, in order to be sold. This process includes all actions that should be done by


The starting point is the decision assumed by the forest owner to perform silvicultural intervention, while the end is when final monitoring of LCs' activity is done and certification of the results is presented. This process is articulated in four steps, which are as follows:


Image Final timber products

First timber products Final assortment

Timber Buildings and Sustainability

Logs at landing site Timber for minor use

Logging system: Tree length (TLS). Extraction of full stem.

Images Timber for construction use

Logging system: Intermediate system: Tree length/short wood (cut to length CTL). Extraction full stand cross

Timber

Full stand cross cutting to multiple market assortments

Table 8.

Table 9.

82

cutting to multiple market assortments.


Type of costs

85

Material and

Fuel and oil Variable

costs

Oil costs

> Consumables

> > Labor

Financial capital

Business

organization

The footnote symbol "\*" means

Table 11. Transformation

 cost types and calculation

 procedures.

multiplication.

 Financial

Interest on capital advanced

Entrepreneur

remuneration

 ER ¼

P

�

KTj � � ∗ 10%

i!1

n

 �

KT = total costs; j = different cost types

Operative Machinery Costs Analysis within Forest Management Implementation Frame

 ICA

¼ FCi ∗ r ∗ t j�s ð Þ 365

h

 i

FC = financial capital; r = discount rate; t = time in days

Workers

Other material costs

Salary

energy

Description

Fuel costs

Calculation FKCarb ¼ Kwh ∗ μum ∗Csc ∗ FK\_MP ∗ h

½

or

¼ Cgl ∗ μum ∗ FK\_MP

OKLub ¼ Kwh ∗ μum ∗ Osc ∗ OK\_MP ∗ h

½

or

¼ Lgl ∗ μum ∗ OK\_MP ∗ h

OMC ¼ Q i ∗ MPi

S

n

 �

¼

P

�

Si ∗ hi

i!1

½

 �

Q = quantity; MP = market price

S = salary for hour; h = hours; i =

qualification

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87572

�

 �

h = hours of use

 � consumption

 oil; OK\_MP = market price fuel costs;

Kwh = power; μum = technical coefficient; Osc = specific

�

 �

use

 �

Kwh = power; μum = technical coefficient; csc = specific consumption; FK\_MP = market price fuel costs; h = hours of

Details


Table 11. Transformation cost types and calculation procedures.

### Operative Machinery Costs Analysis within Forest Management Implementation Frame DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87572

Type of costs

84

Land Working capital

 Machines

Structure

 Fixed costs Fee for recovery and storage of

machines

Amortization

Interest Maintenance

Insurance and tax

Costs of rapid

> Other tools

 Fixed cost Fee for recovery and storage of

machines

Amortization

Interest Maintenance

Rapid

consumption

 parts costs

 CPRC

¼ K

 �

n ∗ MP �

 fee

Int

QM

¼ QA ∗ cm%

½

 �

¼ QA ∗ r ½

 �

 rate

AR

¼

MP�RV ð

 i

 Þ

n h

consumption

 parts CRCP

¼ K

 �

n ∗ MP �

QRR

¼ CC∗ cc% ∗ Sup

½

 �

CC = building costs; cc% = recovery and storage coefficient;

A = area

MP = market price; RV = residual value;

n = life time in years

QA =

QA =

mc% = K = cost of part;

n = life time; MP = market price

maintenance

 cost in percent

amortization

 rate;

amortization

 rate

I&T

¼

P

½

ð

Ins:ce

þ Tax

 Þ

 �

Ins.ce = insurance; tax

K = cost of part;

n = life time; MP = market price

 fee

Int

MF

¼ QA ∗ mc%

½

 �

¼ QA ∗ r ½

 �

 rate

AR

¼

MP�RV ð

 i

 Þ

n h

Description

Calculation

QRR

¼ CC∗ cc% ∗ A

½

 �

CC = building costs; cc% = recovery and storage coefficient;

Timber Buildings and Sustainability

A = area

MP = market price; RV = residual value;

n = life time in years

QA =

QA =

mc% =

maintenance

 cost in percent

amortization

 rate;

amortization

 rate

Details

