*3.2.4.5 Uniform rains with summer concentration with relative humidity of 65–70% (Usv')*

Marine coastal, Indus Delta (Thata), and eastern Karachi are included in this region. Both summer and winter rains are received in the area, but the contribution of summer rains is higher than winter. The annual total rainfall of the area varies from 5 to 10 inches with annual evapotranspiration of 4.9 mm or 0.2 inches and sunshine duration of 8.1 h/day. The average day relative humidity varies from 60–65%, with number of rainy days less than 10 per year and wind speed of 6.6 knots. The mean monthly temperature of the area is 25°C–30°C, with 35°C–40°C maxima and 15°C–20°C minima. The mean daily range of the area varies from 10°C–15°C, with 30°C–35°C daily maximum and 20°C–25°C daily minimum temperature. In May, the maximum temperature reaches to 48°C and falls to 0°C till January.

The Indus Delta has its apex some distance northeast of Thata, where the distributaries fan-out to form the deltaic plain near Thata. Two of the large distributaries are Ochito and the Gungro. Many of the channels perform the dual function of distributaries and estuaries. The channel beds and their levees are higher than the adjacent lands, and the shallow troughs between them are often filled with water, resulting in swamps. The tidal delta is submerged at high tide and has mangrove swamps and tamarisk groves in its western section. The eastern section is Rann of Kutch, a saline marshy land. The coast is low except between Karachi and Cape Monze, where the Pab hills approach the shore.

**99**

*Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83850*

*3.2.5 Warm short summers and cool long winters (Ws'Cw)*

further been divided into the following sub-types.

domestic purposes.

January.

running water.

The Karachi plain has a thin mantle of soil over weathered bedrock. A few low hills rise above 15 m. Shallow depressions are known as Dhand. One of these, Heleji Dhand, is used as water reservoir for Karachi city. The vegetation of the region is mostly Bela, with some irrigated plantation on Indus banks and roadsides. The area is characterized by sea and land breeze with poor sandy soil, due to which very rare cultivation is practiced in the area. The forests, in general, are used for grazing and

The region includes areas having mean temperature of the hottest month June between 21°C and 32°C and mean temperature of the coldest month January as 0°C–10°C, with mean winter temperature of above/equal to 15°C. The region has

The region includes Kalat in the south and Chaman and Loralai in the north. These areas have short warm dry summers and cool long moist winters. The mean annual total rainfall of the area varies between 5 and 10 inches, with average day humidity of 40–45%. The annual evapotranspiration of the subregion is 5 mm or 0.2 inches, with sunshine duration of 8.7 h/day, number of rainy days 15–20 per year, and wind speed of 3 knots. The mean temperature of the area varies between 15°C and 20°C, with 25°C–30°C maxima and 0°C–5°C minima. The mean daily range is 15°C–20°C, with 20°C–25°C daily maximum and 5°C–10°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature recorded at Kalat is 38°C, in June, while the lowest is 0°C to −18°C, recorded in

The region is characterized by extensive woodlands of *Juniperus*, *Pinus gerardiana* (*chilgoza*), etc., with many shrubs including a well-known medicinal plant, e.g., *Ephedra nebrodensis*. Excessive timber and fuel woodcutting has completely degraded these woodlands, leaving many former forest areas as shrubby and grassy steppes. The relatively higher productivity of forest in these areas has encouraged denser populations, and consequently greater human exploitation of scrub and woodlands has declined the stocks of wood. The soils, in general, are regosols and lithosols with some fertile alluvial soils in the valleys. Terrace agriculture is practiced in the valleys; otherwise, the area is used for grazing. The topography of the region is mostly rough with steep slopes and narrow valleys, intensively eroded by

*3.2.5.2 Summer dry and winter rainfall with relative humidity of 30–35% (sz)*

Nushki and its surrounding in the Chaghi district falls in this sub-type, where the annual total rainfall is between 0 and 5 inches, with average day humidity of 30–35%. This low relative humidity of the region causes high evapotranspiration from plants as well as the human skin. The summers are, in general, hot long and dry, while the winters are mild cool and moist. The cold Siberian winds in winters decrease the temperature of the area up to freezing. The mean annual evapotranspiration is less than 5 mm or 0.2 inches with sunshine duration of 8 h/day. The mean temperature of the region is 20–25°C, with 30°C–35°C maxima and 5°C–10°C minima. The mean daily range is between 15°C and 20°C, with 25°C–30°C daily maximum and 15°C–20°C daily minimum temperature. The soils consist of shingles, pebbles, and sands (regosols) and are very poor for cultivation. However, some

*3.2.5.1 Summer dry and winter rains, with relative humidity of 40–45% (sy)*

*Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83850*

*Climate Change and Agriculture*

for grazing and woodlands.

*65–70% (Usv')*

and falls to 0°C till January.

Monze, where the Pab hills approach the shore.

of the region.

4 mm or 0.16 inches with annual sunshine duration of 8.3 h/day, number of rainy days 6.5 per year, and wind speed of 6.9 knots. The mean monthly temperature varies between 25°C and 30°C, with 35°C–40°C maxima and 15°C–20°C minima temperature. The annual daily range of temperature is 10°C–15°C, with 30°C–35°C daily maximum and 20°C–25°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the area is 47°C, recorded in June, the hottest month of the year, whereas the lowest minimum is 2°C, recorded in December, the coldest month

The region is also characterized by land and sea breezes with saline sandy soil, sparsely covered by scrub trees particularly of Bela forest (medium size trees). Due to low soil fertility, agriculture is not very important, and most of the area is used

*3.2.4.4 Summer dry and winter rainfall with relative humidity of 75–80% (su')*

of soil and vegetation are the same as stated in A.4.3. subregion.

*3.2.4.5 Uniform rains with summer concentration with relative humidity of* 

Marine coastal, Indus Delta (Thata), and eastern Karachi are included in this region. Both summer and winter rains are received in the area, but the contribution of summer rains is higher than winter. The annual total rainfall of the area varies from 5 to 10 inches with annual evapotranspiration of 4.9 mm or 0.2 inches and sunshine duration of 8.1 h/day. The average day relative humidity varies from 60–65%, with number of rainy days less than 10 per year and wind speed of 6.6 knots. The mean monthly temperature of the area is 25°C–30°C, with 35°C–40°C maxima and 15°C–20°C minima. The mean daily range of the area varies from 10°C–15°C, with 30°C–35°C daily maximum and 20°C–25°C daily minimum temperature. In May, the maximum temperature reaches to 48°C

The Indus Delta has its apex some distance northeast of Thata, where the distributaries fan-out to form the deltaic plain near Thata. Two of the large distributaries are Ochito and the Gungro. Many of the channels perform the dual function of distributaries and estuaries. The channel beds and their levees are higher than the adjacent lands, and the shallow troughs between them are often filled with water, resulting in swamps. The tidal delta is submerged at high tide and has mangrove swamps and tamarisk groves in its western section. The eastern section is Rann of Kutch, a saline marshy land. The coast is low except between Karachi and Cape

The region consists of Ormara and Jiwani with warm long dry summers and short mild moist winters. Sometime, Ormara receives both summer and winter rains, while the intensity of winter rains is high at Jiwani as compared to summer. The annual total rainfall of the area varies between 5 and 10 inches, with mean evapotranspiration of less than 5 mm or 0.2 inches and sunshine duration of 9 h/ day. The average day humidity is 75–80%, with number of rainy days between 5 and 10 per year and wind speed of 5–8 knots. The mean monthly temperature of the area varies between 25°C and 30°C, with 30°C–40°C maxima and 15°C–20°C minima. The mean daily range of temperature is 5°C–10°C, with 30°C–35°C daily maximum and 20°C–25°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 48°C, recorded in June, and the lowest minimum temperature is 0°C–5°C, recorded in January. June is the hottest month of the area, while January is the coldest month. The general characteristics of the region particularly

**98**

The Karachi plain has a thin mantle of soil over weathered bedrock. A few low hills rise above 15 m. Shallow depressions are known as Dhand. One of these, Heleji Dhand, is used as water reservoir for Karachi city. The vegetation of the region is mostly Bela, with some irrigated plantation on Indus banks and roadsides. The area is characterized by sea and land breeze with poor sandy soil, due to which very rare cultivation is practiced in the area. The forests, in general, are used for grazing and domestic purposes.

### *3.2.5 Warm short summers and cool long winters (Ws'Cw)*

The region includes areas having mean temperature of the hottest month June between 21°C and 32°C and mean temperature of the coldest month January as 0°C–10°C, with mean winter temperature of above/equal to 15°C. The region has further been divided into the following sub-types.

## *3.2.5.1 Summer dry and winter rains, with relative humidity of 40–45% (sy)*

The region includes Kalat in the south and Chaman and Loralai in the north. These areas have short warm dry summers and cool long moist winters. The mean annual total rainfall of the area varies between 5 and 10 inches, with average day humidity of 40–45%. The annual evapotranspiration of the subregion is 5 mm or 0.2 inches, with sunshine duration of 8.7 h/day, number of rainy days 15–20 per year, and wind speed of 3 knots. The mean temperature of the area varies between 15°C and 20°C, with 25°C–30°C maxima and 0°C–5°C minima. The mean daily range is 15°C–20°C, with 20°C–25°C daily maximum and 5°C–10°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature recorded at Kalat is 38°C, in June, while the lowest is 0°C to −18°C, recorded in January.

The region is characterized by extensive woodlands of *Juniperus*, *Pinus gerardiana* (*chilgoza*), etc., with many shrubs including a well-known medicinal plant, e.g., *Ephedra nebrodensis*. Excessive timber and fuel woodcutting has completely degraded these woodlands, leaving many former forest areas as shrubby and grassy steppes. The relatively higher productivity of forest in these areas has encouraged denser populations, and consequently greater human exploitation of scrub and woodlands has declined the stocks of wood. The soils, in general, are regosols and lithosols with some fertile alluvial soils in the valleys. Terrace agriculture is practiced in the valleys; otherwise, the area is used for grazing. The topography of the region is mostly rough with steep slopes and narrow valleys, intensively eroded by running water.

#### *3.2.5.2 Summer dry and winter rainfall with relative humidity of 30–35% (sz)*

Nushki and its surrounding in the Chaghi district falls in this sub-type, where the annual total rainfall is between 0 and 5 inches, with average day humidity of 30–35%. This low relative humidity of the region causes high evapotranspiration from plants as well as the human skin. The summers are, in general, hot long and dry, while the winters are mild cool and moist. The cold Siberian winds in winters decrease the temperature of the area up to freezing. The mean annual evapotranspiration is less than 5 mm or 0.2 inches with sunshine duration of 8 h/day. The mean temperature of the region is 20–25°C, with 30°C–35°C maxima and 5°C–10°C minima. The mean daily range is between 15°C and 20°C, with 25°C–30°C daily maximum and 15°C–20°C daily minimum temperature. The soils consist of shingles, pebbles, and sands (regosols) and are very poor for cultivation. However, some agriculture patches are located in karez-feeding areas. The forests are mostly scrubs with grasslands and also having barren lands and mountains.
