**5. Conclusions**

*Climate Change and Agriculture*

crops (pearl millet, sorghum, quinoa etc.) and started to prepare their lands for cultivation. Applying the right source of N, at the right rate, at the right time, and in the right place is another important aspect in nitrogen management. In climate smart interventions, farmers must use leaf color charts, handheld crop sensors, and nutrient decision-maker tools to decide the most appropriate dosage of nitrogen fertilizers for crops. The use of crop canopy sensors is a good example of the interventions and an important precision agriculture tool into the decision-making process. These interventions not only save costs, but also cause decrease in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions especially from puddled rice

Energy is also a limited resource which must be used sensibly to secure the safe, healthy and nutritious food for the growing population in country. Promotion of biofuels, high efficient agro machineries, residue management and conservation practices (reduce tillage) are the important energy smart interventions to conserve energy and reduce GHGs [33]. Use of biogas systems through manure slurry from intensive dairy initiatives is also appreciated as energy smart approach in most part

• The effect of land use and land cover patterns on food production and food security may be focused in studies in context of current changing climate.

• Agro ecological based temporal and spatial models to be developed coupling

• Integrated impact assessment on different agro ecosystems still needed to

• Food safety and food security in the countries like Pakistan may be linked with

• Impact of shocks/extreme weather events on crop plants require more

incentives. The mechanism of incentives must be properly examined.

improve agricultural production system's efficiency.

**28**

fields [32].

**Figure 3.**

**3.4 Energy smart**

of the world (**Figure 3**).

attention.

**4. Knowledge gaps and the way forward**

*Resource (water, carbon, nitrogen and energy) smart interventions.*

with climate smart interventions.

Agriculture is significantly hit by temperature variability and other variable events all over the world including Pakistan. Farming communities are feeling the worst impacts of climate change and variability on crops and livelihoods. In such conditions, climate resilient crops like pearl millet prove to be a robust, climate smart grain crop. It endures to out yield more nutritious grain sustainably, thereby cheering the fight against poverty and food insecurity due to its resilience. Because it is selected as water saving, drought tolerant and climate change complaint crop. Crop modeling and its application, computer simulation in plant breeding and resource smart approaches supported with policy interventions can present better picture under changing climate scenarios of Pakistan.
