3.5 Effects of salinity on sorghum [(Sorghum bicolor L.) Moench]

Sorghum is monocot species, and C4 plant with high photosynthetic capability and productivity has a spot with Poaceae family. The most of the sorghum species found in Australia and the rest of the world (Asia, Africa, Mesoamerica, India, and Pacific Oceans). Sorghum is the extremely beneficial yield, which can be used for essentialness source, human sustenance (grain), domesticated animals feed (grain and biomass), and mechanical reason (fiber or paper and treatment of natural sideeffect). The sorghum biomass is used as fuel (ethanol generation) and sugar substrate through aging (methane creation) [88].

### 3.5.1 Effects of salinity on sorghum

The sorghum plant has an extraordinary adjustment potential to abiotic stresses, particularly high salinity, which is significant for genotypes developing in an extreme environment [89, 90]. By and large, sorghum is considered as a respectable salinity tolerant species with genotypic varies from cultivar to cultivar. The threshold level of salinity for grain sorghum is (6.8 dS m<sup>1</sup> ), and the reduction reaches 25% and 50% at 7 and 10 dSm<sup>1</sup> respectively [34]. Salinity also influences the sorghum plant's physiological procedures, for example, seed germination rate, K+ take-up, net photosynthesis rate (Pn), biomass amassing, and biochemical qualities (chlorophyll substance or electrolyte leakage). In sorghum plants, a notable salinity induced phenotype of plant growth was observed after 4 days of exposure of 200 mM NaCl salinity stress [91]. Similarly, in sweet sorghum, salinity increase the duration of germination and reduced germination percentage [92].
