*3.2.3.5 Winter dry and summer rainfall with relative humidity of 45–50% (wy')*

Thar Desert in Sind and Cholistan in Punjab constitute in this micro-region. It has long hot moist summers and short warm dry winters. The annual total rainfall of the area varies from 5 to 10 inches, but in Cholistan, it is less than 5 inches. The average day relative humidity of the region is 45–50%, with annual evapotranspiration of above 5 mm or 0.2 inches and sunshine duration of more than 8 h/day. The mean monthly temperature varies between 25–30°C, with 35–40°C maximum and 10–15°C minimum temperature. The mean daily range is 15–20°C, with 30–35°C daily maximum and 15–20°C daily minimum temperature. The extreme maximum temperature of the region is above 50°C, recorded in June, and the lowest minimum temperature is 0–5°C, in January.

Arid desert covers the eastern part of Sind and lower Punjab. These major landforms of the region are a series of parallel and linear sand dunes "bets" oriented northwest to southeast. Valleys between these dunes cover about 30% of the area. There are also salt lakes fed by water. Natural vegetation is of two types, *Cenchrus*-*Panicum* dune type and *Eleusine*-*Cenchrus* inter-dune type. Livestock is the mainstay of the region, with some secondary dryland farming in inter-dune valleys. Cholistan has sandy soil and is the extension of the Great Indian Desert that includes terraces of Hakra River, sand ridges, inter-dune valleys, and saline lakes and flats. Natural vegetation is xerophytic trees, shrubs, and grasslands. The region, in general, is used for hunting and grazing, with some patches of rainfed agriculture.

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*Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83850*

below freezing recorded in January.

*of 65–70% (Uwv')*

ing sub-types.

*3.2.4 Warm long summers and mild short winters (WsMw')*

This sub-climatic type is characterized by mean temperature of the hottest month June which is 21–32°C and the warmest month November which is 10–21°C, with mean summer temperature of above 25°C. It is further divided into the follow-

*3.2.4.1 Winter dry and summer rainfall with relative humidity of 55–60% (wx')*

The region characterizes by Marine continental climates with an annual total rainfall of 5–10 inches and average day relative humidity of 55–60%. It includes Las Bela and Dadu. This sub-type is characterized by short warm dry winters and long hot moist summers. The annual evapotranspiration of the area is 4.4 mm or 0.18 inches, with sunshine duration of 8.1 h/day, number of rainy days 14.5 per year, and average wind speed of 3 knots. The mean monthly temperature varies between 25–30°C, with 35–40°C maxima and 10–15°C minima. The mean daily range is 10–15°C, with 30–35°C daily maximum and 15–20°C daily minimum temperature. The ever-recorded maximum temperature of the area is 51°C at Las Bela, recorded in May, the hottest month of the region, while the lowest minimum temperature is

Vegetation of the region is closely related to soil moisture, with grasses along streams and seasonal rivers. Woodlands here provide fuel wood, nuts and fruits, and brows for camels. Wetter areas have relatively good grazing patches for livestock. The land is mainly used for grazing. Pockets of cultivation are fed by water from karez systems or from spate irrigation along streams and seasonal rivers. Vegetation is extremely variable, from completely barren ground to medium-density shrubs and tree cover. Any well-watered land is cultivated, while the vegetation is grazed, browsed, or cut for domestic purposes, particularly near Karachi and Dadu.

Karachi west belongs to this region, where the mean annual total rainfall is 5–10 inches, with average day relative humidity of 65–70%. The area receives both summer and winter rains, but the contribution of winter rains is more than summer season. It has long warm summer and short mild winters with sea and land breezes throughout the year. June is the hottest month, with maximum temperature of above 32°C, and January is the coldest month, with minimum temperature of less than 5°C. The mean evapotranspiration of the area is less than 4 mm or 0.16 inches, with sunshine duration of more than 8 h/day, number of rainy days 5–10 per year, and wind speed of 6.6 knots. The mean monthly temperature of the region is 25–30°C, with 35–40°C maximum and 15–20°C minimum temperature. The mean daily range varies between 10 and 15°C with 30–35°C daily maximum and 20–25°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 45°C, recorded in June, and the lowest is 0°C, recorded in January. The physiogra-

*3.2.4.2 Uniform rains with winter concentration and relative humidity* 

phy, soil, and natural vegetation are the same as given in A.4.5. sub-type.

*3.2.4.3 Summer dry and winter rainfall with average relative humidity of 70–75% (su)*

The region is marine coastal has climates with annual total rainfall of less than 5 inches and with average day relative humidity of 60–75%. Pasni and parts of Jiwani belong to this region. It has warm long summers and mild short winters with winter rainfalls, but summers are also not dry. The annual evapotranspiration is above

*Climate Change and Agriculture*

the land is unproductive for agriculture growth.

send to Baluchistan as a mining timber.

*60–65% (wv)*

given in 3.3 climate type.

temperature is 0–5°C, in January.

and sunshine is 8.7 h/day. The number of rainy days is 5–10, with a wind speed of 2–4 knots. The mean monthly temperature varies between 25°C and 30°C, with 35°C–40°C maxima and 10°C–20°C minima. The mean daily range is 10–15°C, with 30–35°C daily maximum and 15–20°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 45°C–52°C recorded in May and June, while the lowest minimum temperature is 0°C to −5°C, recorded in January and December. The soil of the region used to be subjected to annual flooding before the river embankments were constructed, and because of this, the soils are rich loamy and clayey. High water tables have caused water logging and salinization problems, and

Agriculture is the main activity in this zone, but there are also areas of rough grazing, riverine forest, and tracts of flooded backswamps. Wood resources come from riverine forests and trees on farmlands, much of which is used for firewood or

The region consists of Nawabshah and Padidan in central Sind. The total rainfall

*3.2.3.4 Winter dry and summer rainfall with average day relative humidity of* 

of the region varies from 5 to 10 inches with summer concentration, while the winters are short and dry. The average day relative humidity varies from 60–65%, with evapotranspiration of 6.9 mm or 0.28 inches and sunshine of 8.8 h/day. The mean monthly temperature varies between 25 and 30°C, with 35–40°C maxima and 10–15°C minima. The mean daily range of temperature is 15–20°C, with 35–40°C daily maximum and 15–20°C daily minimum temperature. The maximum temperature exceeds 50°C in June, while in January, it falls below freezing. The number of rainy days is 5–10 per year, with average wind speed of 0–5 knots. The soil and natural vegetation as well as physical relief of this climatic zone are the same as

*3.2.3.5 Winter dry and summer rainfall with relative humidity of 45–50% (wy')*

Thar Desert in Sind and Cholistan in Punjab constitute in this micro-region. It has long hot moist summers and short warm dry winters. The annual total rainfall of the area varies from 5 to 10 inches, but in Cholistan, it is less than 5 inches. The average day relative humidity of the region is 45–50%, with annual evapotranspiration of above 5 mm or 0.2 inches and sunshine duration of more than 8 h/day. The mean monthly temperature varies between 25–30°C, with 35–40°C maximum and 10–15°C minimum temperature. The mean daily range is 15–20°C, with 30–35°C daily maximum and 15–20°C daily minimum temperature. The extreme maximum temperature of the region is above 50°C, recorded in June, and the lowest minimum

Arid desert covers the eastern part of Sind and lower Punjab. These major landforms of the region are a series of parallel and linear sand dunes "bets" oriented northwest to southeast. Valleys between these dunes cover about 30% of the area. There are also salt lakes fed by water. Natural vegetation is of two types, *Cenchrus*-*Panicum* dune type and *Eleusine*-*Cenchrus* inter-dune type. Livestock is the mainstay of the region, with some secondary dryland farming in inter-dune valleys. Cholistan has sandy soil and is the extension of the Great Indian Desert that includes terraces of Hakra River, sand ridges, inter-dune valleys, and saline lakes and flats. Natural vegetation is xerophytic trees, shrubs, and grasslands. The region, in general, is used for hunting and grazing, with some patches of

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rainfed agriculture.
