*3.2.6.1 Winter dry and summer rainfall particularly from local thunderstorms with relative humidity of 40–45% (wty)*

The region consists of Gupis in the Northern Areas, where the annual total rainfall is less than 5 inches with cold long dry winters and short moist summers. In winters low precipitation mostly in the form of snow and ice is received, whereas the summer rains are high, particularly from the local thunderstorms. The winters are very cold, while the summers are warm. The evapotranspiration of the region is 2.8 mm or 0.11 inches, with annual sunshine of 6.6 h/day, while the average day relative humidity is 40–45%. The mountain slopes are mostly covered by snow particularly in Ishkoman valley, while the ground and lower mountain slopes are barren. The physiography is generally rough with sparse vegetation and cultivation. The mean temperature of the region is 10–15°C, with 20°C–25°C maxima and 5°C–10°C minima. The daily range of temperature is between 10°C and 15°C, with 15°C–20°C daily maximum and 5°C–10°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 41.1°C, recorded in July, the hottest month of the area, while the lowest minimum temperature is −10 to −15°C, recorded in January, the coldest month of the year. The number of rainy days of the region is 13.8, while the wind speed is 2.6 knots.

The zone is characterized, in general, by glacier feed areas, deep narrow valleys, fans, and terraces. Upper mountain slopes have poor soils, but valley bottoms have deep, clay-rich soils overlying the colluviums on lower slopes, fans, and terraces. Crops can be cultivated on those fertile fans and terraces, irrigated by the streams.

**101**

*Environment, Agriculture, and Land Use Pattern DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83850*

speed of 1.1 knots.

and riverbanks.

sub-types.

size trees, which are mostly used for domestic purposes.

*3.2.7 Hot long summers and cool short winters (HsCw')*

*with relative humidity of 40–60% (wtY)*

annual wind speed of 0–3 knots.

Slopes rely on rainfall to produce maize, wheat, and orchards. Energy demands are high because of the cold winters. The forests are, in general, orchards with medium

The region consists of Skardu, Ladakh, in occupied Kashmir and the adjoining areas of China (Tibetan Plateau). The annual total precipitation varies from 5 to 10 inches, particularly in the form of snow and ice in winter season. However, the summers are not dry, and the region receives more than 1 cm or 0.18 inches rainfall in April and May from local thunderstorms. The annual evapotranspiration is 4.4 mm or 0.18 inches, with annual sunshine of 6.8 h/day, while the average day relative humidity is between 50 and 55%. The mean temperature varies from 10–15°C, with 20–25°C maxima and 0°C minima. The mean daily range of temperature is between 15 and 20°C, with 15–20°C daily maximum and 5–10°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 41°C, recorded in August, and the lowest minimum is −20 to −25°C, recorded in January. The mean temperature in January as well as December reaches below the freezing point. Solar energy is needed for the plant protection particularly in winter season. The number of rainy days of the region is 21.5 per year, with wind

The area is characterized by barren mountains and glaciers. The soils are poor at higher mountain slopes and are fertile near foothills. The agriculture is practiced only on terraces in well-watered areas. The mountains are, in general, barren due to glaciations; however, some deciduous forests have grown at the foothills

The region is characterized by hot climates, with June temperature above 32°C and with January temperature between 0 and 10°C, while the mean summer temperature exceeds 25°C. The climatic zone is further divided into the following

*3.2.7.1 Winter dry and summer rainfall particularly from local thunderstorms* 

Gilgit district and Bunji, located close to Hunza and Indus Rivers, fall in this region. The annual total rainfall of the area varies from 5 to 10 inches. This sub-type receives both summer and winter rains with summer concentration particularly from local thunderstorms. The evapotranspiration of the area is 2.7 mm or 0.11 inches (Gilgit), with annual sunshine of 6.5 h/day and average day humidity of 40–60%. The summers are hot and moist, while the winters are cool and dry. The mean temperature of the region varies between 15 and 20°C, with 25–30°C maxima and 0–10°C minima. The mean daily range is 10–15°C, with 20–25°C daily maximum and 5–15°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 45–50°C, recorded in July and August, while the extreme minimum temperature is –5 to −15°C, recorded in December and January. The number of rainy days varies between 14 and 20 per year, with

The region consists of major valleys and high permanent snowcapped mountains.

Snowfall received is between 2 and 6 m/year. Vegetation at 3800-4000 meters is alpine scrub of small deciduous and evergreen forests. Between 3500 m and 3800 m,

*3.2.6.2 Summer dry and winter rainfall with relative humidity of 50–55% (sx)*

*Climate Change and Agriculture*

*of 35–40% (Usz')*

ture are at the tube-well-fed areas.

sub-climate types.

*3.2.6 Warm short summers and cold long winters (Ws'C\*w)*

*with relative humidity of 40–45% (wty)*

agriculture patches are located in karez-feeding areas. The forests are mostly scrubs

The climatic region includes Khuzdar, which receives both summer and winter rains with summer concentration. The summers are long and warm, while the winters are cool and short. The annual total rainfall of the region is 5–10 inches, with average day relative humidity of 35–40%. The annual evapotranspiration is less than 5 mm or 0.2 inches with mean sunshine duration of less than 8 h/day. The number of rainy days is 19.3 per year, with wind speed of 3 knots. The mean temperature of the region is 20°C–25°C, with 30°C–35°C maxima and 5°C–10°C minima. The daily range of temperature is 10°C–15°C, with 25°C–30°C daily maximum and 10°C–15°C daily minimum temperature. The extreme maximum temperature of the area is 43°C, recorded in July, the hottest month of the year, whereas the lowest minimum temperature is −5 to −10°C, recorded in January, the coldest month of the year. The region characterized by steep slopes having some grasslands and sparse shrubs but have mainly barren. The mainstay of the land is grazing, with pockets of cultivation fed by tube well irrigation. Farmers grow mainly fruits such as apples, apricots, grapes, peaches, and plums. The vegetation is mainly used for domestic purposes and livestock. Due to rough topography, some patches of terrace agricul-

In this region the mean temperature of the hottest month June is between 21 and 32°C, with the coldest month January having temperature below freezing and the mean winter temperature above 15°C. It is further divided into the following

The region consists of Gupis in the Northern Areas, where the annual total rainfall is less than 5 inches with cold long dry winters and short moist summers. In winters low precipitation mostly in the form of snow and ice is received, whereas the summer rains are high, particularly from the local thunderstorms. The winters are very cold, while the summers are warm. The evapotranspiration of the region is 2.8 mm or 0.11 inches, with annual sunshine of 6.6 h/day, while the average day relative humidity is 40–45%. The mountain slopes are mostly covered by snow particularly in Ishkoman valley, while the ground and lower mountain slopes are barren. The physiography is generally rough with sparse vegetation and cultivation. The mean temperature of the region is 10–15°C, with 20°C–25°C maxima and 5°C–10°C minima. The daily range of temperature is between 10°C and 15°C, with 15°C–20°C daily maximum and 5°C–10°C daily minimum temperature. The highest maximum temperature of the region is 41.1°C, recorded in July, the hottest month of the area, while the lowest minimum temperature is −10 to −15°C, recorded in January, the coldest month of the year. The number of rainy days of the region is 13.8, while the wind speed is 2.6 knots. The zone is characterized, in general, by glacier feed areas, deep narrow valleys, fans, and terraces. Upper mountain slopes have poor soils, but valley bottoms have deep, clay-rich soils overlying the colluviums on lower slopes, fans, and terraces. Crops can be cultivated on those fertile fans and terraces, irrigated by the streams.

*3.2.6.1 Winter dry and summer rainfall particularly from local thunderstorms* 

with grasslands and also having barren lands and mountains.

*3.2.5.3 Uniform rains with summer concentration and relative humidity* 

**100**

Slopes rely on rainfall to produce maize, wheat, and orchards. Energy demands are high because of the cold winters. The forests are, in general, orchards with medium size trees, which are mostly used for domestic purposes.
