**5. Conclusion**

*Climate Change and Agriculture*

observed at India and Pakistan as shown in **Table 1**.

**4. Adaptation strategies for agronomic crops**

and to sustain the crop production [75].

**Region/ country**

Brazil

Sri Lanka

Asia

India

*Climate change adaptations for agronomic crops.*

crops were found in china up to 2030. However, higher losses in oilseed crops were

Climate change adaptation is the action to global warming, which helps to reduce the vulnerabilities in the social and biological system. The main objective of adapta-

Agriculture sector is highly vulnerable to changing climate. Extreme weather conditions and changing patterns of precipitation affects the crop development, growth and yield of crops. High temperature at critical growth stages could reduce the grain filling duration caused the grains sterility and consequently yields reduction. [4]. To avoid the risks in agriculture associated with climate change (CC), adaptation is the key factor that could help to mitigate the negative of climate change. Adaptation strategies provide an opportunity to address the CC challenges

In the recent year, climate change adaptation has been explored by the farmers in many ways. For example, in Pakistan and Brazil farmers has adapted the climate change variability by adjustment of planting tine and optimization of plant populations [9, 60]. Adjustment of planting date is important to explore the fully potential of crop. High temperature at grain filling stage, reduce the time for grain filling that lead to decrease the yield. Adjusting the planting time with the onset of rains and heat waves would decrease the yield losses. Number of plants per unit area plays a vital role for higher yield in crops especially wheat. The number of productive tillers dies or remains unproductive due to variation in temperature and moisture stress. The optimum plant population compensates the yield loss. The development of improved varieties such as early maturing, drought and heat tolerant are necessary to

> • Use of heat tolerant cultivars • Adjustment of planting dates • Optimum plant population

and draying • Direct planting

Cotton Pakistan • Heat and drought tolerant cultivars

Chickpea India • Integrated weed control

• Raised bed planting • Early maturing cultivars • Precision nutrient management

• Ratoon management

• Pit planting

• Increase in plant population by 18%

• Agro-forestry (Wind barrier)

• Improved crop varieties (early maturity)

**Adaptation References**

• System of rice intensification with alternate wetting

[9, 81]

[77, 82]

[83, 84]

[53]

[71, 72]

[85–87]

tion strategy is to build the resilient in societies against climate change [74].

**60**

**Table 4.**

**Crop (s) name**

Wheat Pakistan

Rice Bangladesh

Maize Nepal

Sugarcane Swaziland

Climate change and variability have negative effects on crop productivity. Change in precipitation pattern, increase in frequency, and intensity of extreme events such as heat waves and drought have detrimental effects on grain yield. Future projections showed that temperature would be increased by 2–3°C at the end of century. Number of hot days and warm night will be increased in Asia and high intense rainfall will occur in summer monsoon. This warming situation would cause a huge reduction in grain yield of crops by end of century. Wheat yield is expected to decrease by 50% in Pakistan, maize yield by 46% in China, cotton yield by 17% in USA and sugarcane yield would reduce by 30% at India. The negative effects of climate change can be mitigated by developing some adaptation measures. The development of heat tolerant cultivars, modification in current production technologies of crop can offset the negative effects of climate change. In future, climate change impacts should be studies by using low and high emission scenarios for early, mid and late century. The adaptation strategies should be quantified based on modeling approaches.

*Climate Change and Agriculture*
