**8. Increasing concentration of CO2 and weeds of sugarcane**

Climate change is a continuous process, occur due to human and natural activities. Greenhouse gasses emission due to anthropogenic activities, accumulate the earth atmosphere and increase in concentration over time [81]. Concentration of CO2 has risen to 387 μmol mol<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> till 2007 and expected to reach 600 μmol mol<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> till 2050 [27]. Modern agriculture techniques is main driving force which contribute in 30% of greenhouse gas emissions [82]. Weeds have negative effects on agriculture and public health. Weeds plants exert a variety of effects on sugarcane ecology under field conditions [83]. Uncontrolled annual summer weeds results 24% reduction in sugarcane stalks density, 19% in biomass and 15% reduction in commercial sugar production [84]. Under higher CO2 concentration, C3 weeds generally increased their leaf area and biomass as compared with c4 weeds. Parthenium (*Parthenium hysterophorus*) is a C3 weed will be much more competitive under raised CO2 environment [64]. Yield reduction due to weeds differ accordingly weeds density and species, when weeds emerge in high density, competitions will be highest. Crop and weeds competition affected by environmental conditions and have been shown to change with increasing CO2. Temperature is a primary factor influencing the distribution of weeds at higher latitudes. Increase precipitation and temperature may provide suitable conditions for some species [37]. CO2 enrichment reduce the effects of water stress and increased the leaf area in C4 grasses and increase the growth of C3 and C4 plants under stress. Increasing cons. of CO2 from 300 to 600 ppm increased water use efficiency (WUE) in sunflower by 55%, in corn by 54%, in soybean by 48% and in redroot increased WUE by 76% [29] and greater stimulation of WUE in weeds than crops, provide competitive advantage to weeds. Rise in CO2 concentration reduce the performance of many herbicides and plant growth, so it is needed to optimize herbicides application for better weed management in coming days. Climate also change the phenology and population of weeds. Most weeds species spread to new areas and researcher suggest that due to strong response of weeds to elevated CO2, invasive species may become a threat in changing climate [85]. AT elevated CO2, C3 plant have higher photosynthesis rate and response more favorable than C4 weeds. Alberto [86] discus the interaction between temperature and CO2 and reported that elevated CO2 favor the growth of barnyard grass at 37/29°C. It is essential to understand the factor that reduce the performance of any herbicides and insecticides, so for the successful management of chemicals it is necessary to understand its interaction with plants and environment. In plants, Herbicide absorption greatly depend on its interaction with environment. Soil

**145**

(**Table 2**).

**Table 2.**

**9. Conclusions**

process are activated.

**10. Recommendations**

of different stresses.

*Sugarcane Production under Changing Climate: Effects of Environmental Vulnerabilities…*

Increase in rainfall, reduce the uptake of soil-

Water stress conditions reduce the herbicides

Attack of Smut disease is increased under high

15% reduction in commercial sugar production

Invasive species of weeds may become a threat

applied herbicides

temperature conditions

and 19% reduction in biomass

efficacy

at 37/29°C

applied herbicides mainly influenced by soil temperature and moisture conditions. Environmental factor like temperature, humidity, moisture conditions and solar radiations also affects the efficacy of herbicides. Climate change also reduce the photosynthesis process which affects herbicides absorption and translocation

Showler and Reagan [84] Weeds in sugarcane Uncontrolled annual summer weeds resulted in

Alberto [86] CO2 and different weeds Elevated CO2 favor the growth of barnyard grass

Environmental vulnerabilities are the major constraints for growth, development and productivity of sugarcane plant. The present rate of greenhouse gasses emission is believed responsible for gradual increase in temperature, changing rainfall pattern and environmental vulnerabilities and result in global warming. Plant response and adaptation to different stresses and effects of changing climatic conditions and weeds, insects and diseases, needs to be better understand for sugarcane crop. Sugarcane productivity under changing climatic conditions have been studied in recent years; however, a complete understanding of sugarcane production under changing climatic conditions remain elusive. Under different stress, sugarcane plant accumulate different mechanism and accumulate different metabolites such as antioxidant, osmoprotectants and heat shock protein and different metabolic

• Under high temperature stress, exogenous application of protectant such as phytohormones and osmoprotectants, have beneficial effects on plants [87, 88].

• Soaking sugarcane nodal buds in exogenous pro (mM) and GB (20 mM)

• Managing the cultural practices, such as adequate sowing time and method, irrigation management and selecting the suitable cultivars, decrease the effects

sugars and reduce the effects of heat stress on sugarcane crop [22].

solution, restricted the H2O2 generation, improved the accumulation of soluble

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81131*

Zanatta et al. [69] Water stress and

**Authors Study traits Effects**

and herbicides uptake

herbicides efficiency

diseases of sugarcane

Rodenburg et al. [66] Changing rainfall pattern

Matthieson [60] Elevated temperature and

Singh et al. [85] Climate change and

*Climate change and biotic stresses in sugarcane.*

weeds

*Sugarcane Production under Changing Climate: Effects of Environmental Vulnerabilities… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.81131*


#### **Table 2.**

*Climate Change and Agriculture*

adaptation and mitigation strategies.

600 μmol mol<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

of some summer weeds will have been broken under high temperature and these weeds may appear in winter. Insect pests such as *Heteronychus licas* and *Margarodes* spp. Will not be spared by temperature changes. Matthieson [60] told that temperature changes creates favorable condition for introduce new pests and diseases in sugarcane. Due to climate change, shift in temperature will have effect on diseases, weeds and insect pests [78]. Matthieson [60] discus that attack of smut diseases is likely to increase under high temperature condition. High temperature induced the pollen sterility, poor anthesis and reduce the grain filling duration [79]. High temperature stimulates the stomata conductance and increases the permeability [80] and reduce the uptake of herbicides. Above discussion will help in identifying possible measure for weeds control under changing atmospheric conditions. So it is need to evaluate the climate change effects on weed flora and herbicides efficacy for

**8. Increasing concentration of CO2 and weeds of sugarcane**

Concentration of CO2 has risen to 387 μmol mol<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

Climate change is a continuous process, occur due to human and natural activities. Greenhouse gasses emission due to anthropogenic activities, accumulate the earth atmosphere and increase in concentration over time [81].

force which contribute in 30% of greenhouse gas emissions [82]. Weeds have negative effects on agriculture and public health. Weeds plants exert a variety of effects on sugarcane ecology under field conditions [83]. Uncontrolled annual summer weeds results 24% reduction in sugarcane stalks density, 19% in biomass and 15% reduction in commercial sugar production [84]. Under higher CO2 concentration, C3 weeds generally increased their leaf area and biomass as compared with c4 weeds. Parthenium (*Parthenium hysterophorus*) is a C3 weed will be much more competitive under raised CO2 environment [64]. Yield reduction due to weeds differ accordingly weeds density and species, when weeds emerge in high density, competitions will be highest. Crop and weeds competition affected by environmental conditions and have been shown to change with increasing CO2. Temperature is a primary factor influencing the distribution of weeds at higher latitudes. Increase precipitation and temperature may provide suitable conditions for some species [37]. CO2 enrichment reduce the effects of water stress and increased the leaf area in C4 grasses and increase the growth of C3 and C4 plants under stress. Increasing cons. of CO2 from 300 to 600 ppm increased water use efficiency (WUE) in sunflower by 55%, in corn by 54%, in soybean by 48% and in redroot increased WUE by 76% [29] and greater stimulation of WUE in weeds than crops, provide competitive advantage to weeds. Rise in CO2 concentration reduce the performance of many herbicides and plant growth, so it is needed to optimize herbicides application for better weed management in coming days. Climate also change the phenology and population of weeds. Most weeds species spread to new areas and researcher suggest that due to strong response of weeds to elevated CO2, invasive species may become a threat in changing climate [85]. AT elevated CO2, C3 plant have higher photosynthesis rate and response more favorable than C4 weeds. Alberto [86] discus the interaction between temperature and CO2 and reported that elevated CO2 favor the growth of barnyard grass at 37/29°C. It is essential to understand the factor that reduce the performance of any herbicides and insecticides, so for the successful management of chemicals it is necessary to understand its interaction with plants and environment. In plants, Herbicide absorption greatly depend on its interaction with environment. Soil

till 2050 [27]. Modern agriculture techniques is main driving

till 2007 and expected to reach

**144**

*Climate change and biotic stresses in sugarcane.*

applied herbicides mainly influenced by soil temperature and moisture conditions. Environmental factor like temperature, humidity, moisture conditions and solar radiations also affects the efficacy of herbicides. Climate change also reduce the photosynthesis process which affects herbicides absorption and translocation (**Table 2**).
