Scope of the Series

Biochemistry, the study of chemical transformations occurring within living organisms, impacts all of life sciences, from molecular crystallography and genetics, to ecology, medicine and population biology. Biochemistry studies macromolecules proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids –their building blocks, structures, functions and interactions. Much of biochemistry is devoted to enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions, enzyme structures, mechanisms of action and their roles within cells. Biochemistry also studies small signaling molecules, coenzymes, inhibitors, vitamins and hormones, which play roles in the life process. Biochemical experimentation, besides coopting the methods of classical chemistry, e.g., chromatography, adopted new techniques, e.g., X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, NMR, radioisotopes, and developed sophisticated microbial genetic tools, e.g., auxotroph mutants and their revertants, fermentation etc. More recently, biochemistry embraced the 'big data' omics systems.

Initial biochemical studies have been exclusively analytic: dissecting, purifying and examining individual components of a biological system; in exemplary words of Efraim Racker, (1913 –1991) "Don't waste clean thinking on dirty enzymes." Today however, biochemistry is becoming more agglomerative and comprehensive, setting out to integrate and describe fully a particular biological system. The 'big data' metabolomics can define the complement of small molecules, e.g., in a soil or biofilm sample; proteomics can distinguish all the proteins comprising e.g., serum; metagenomics can identify all the genes in a complex environment e.g., bovine rumen. This Biochemistry Series will address both the current research on biomolecules, and the emerging trends with great promise.

Contents

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 5**

**Chapter 3 31**

**Chapter 4 63**

**Chapter 5 71**

**Chapter 6 93**

*by Nabila Gulzar, Iqra Muqaddas Saleem, Saima Rafiq and Muhammad Nadeem*

Gut-Brain Axis: Probiotic, *Bacillus subtilis,* Prevents Aggression via the

Introductory Chapter: Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products *by Razzagh Mahmoudi, Sara Moosazad, Katayoon Aghaei*

Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics

Modification of the Central Serotonergic System *by Heng-Wei Cheng, Sha Jiang and Jiaying Hu*

*by Razzagh Mahmoudi, Sara Moosazad and Katayoon Aghaei*

Metabolite Multiprobiotic Formulas for Microbial Health

Gut Microbiota and Obesity: Prebiotic and Probiotic Effects

*by Mikhail V. Lakhtin, Vladimir M. Lakhtin, Vladimir A. Aleshkin* 

*by Silvana Cisternas León, Paula Carrasco Vergara, Alejandra Cruz Neira, Ricardo Muñoz Maldonado, Carolina Díaz Araneda and Marcia Rivas Zuñiga*

Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products

*and Stanislav S. Afanasiev*
