*2.5.11.1 Hepatic encephalopathy*

By changing the microbiota count in the gut either by using probiotics or fermentable fiber has been related for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in experimental studies [65, 66]. This therapy works as it lowers the blood ammonia level due to inhabitation of bacteria that is acid resistant as well as not producing urease Further work on this approach is still under work [67].

### *2.5.11.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease*

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a disease in which patients are not edict of alcohol but showing the systems of liver biopsy. Experiments on model rats suffering from fatty liver disease have been indicated that intestinal microbiota, bacterial endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor α modulate liver damage caused by alcohol. There is a perception that intestinal microbiota produces endogenous signals, which shows a pathologic role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, suggests a role for novel probiotic therapy in this not so uncommon condition [68, 69]. Recent studies have showed that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is also thought to be linked with the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. By restoring and maintaining the gut microbiota, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can be controlled. However extensive studies on the strains of gut microbiota and tests on various probiotics may be helpful in determining the use of specific probiotic for this disease [70].

#### *2.5.12 Probiotics in infants health*

Human milk defends infants from contagious diseases by several mechanisms. Human milk has various components that modulate the intestinal microbiota and *bifidobacteria*. These bacteria are the basic and significant constituent of the infants that are fed with human milk [71, 72]. Human milk can also minimize the incidence and harmful effects of inhabiting pathogens [73, 74]. Consequently,

**13**

*Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86762*

enteric pathogens [75].

*2.5.14 Breast cancer*

probiotics in breast cancer [82].

complications of Type 2 diabetes [83].

*2.5.15 Type 2 diabetes mellitus*

*2.5.13 Urogenital infections and HIV*

treatment of these diseases can be suggested [81].

it has been observed that a balanced increased in bifidobacterial concentration and reduction in enteric bacterial count and luminal factors of host may show a positive role in defending premature offspring and infants from diarrheal disease. Alteration of the intestinal microbiota by improving the prevalence of nonpathogenic bacteria is an effective method to attain a therapeutic treatment against

Various urinary tract infections like yeast vaginitis, Bacterial vaginosis and frequent urinary tract infections are major problems faced by the patients. In premenopausal women normal microflora consist of lactobacilli that protect host from infections but various patho-physiologic causes can results infection due to unstable microflora. A very few studies that reports the importance of probiotics for urogenital health [76, 77]. The awesome practices have reported that *L. acidophilus* has positive effect in urogenital health. Promising studies showed evidence that probiotics are also important in preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in women [78]. The women suffering from human immunodeficiency virus infection, prevention of bacterial vaginosis is very important. Previous literature indicates that women that have improper balance of lactobacilli (vaginosis) are in a great risk of human immunodeficiency syndrome [79, 80]. Therefore an adequate level of lactobacilli and preventing bacterial vaginosis is a best method to reduce the risk of getting human immunodeficiency virus infection, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis. One of the recent study shown that a probiotic strain (Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14) specific for human vagina can give strong protection from virus that can reduce the transmission of sexual immunodeficiency virus infection. Still, further work is required to approve these results before the extensive use of probiotics for the

Several studies have been conducted on animal and human models to check the effect of probiotics in breast cancer. Several in vitro studies have shown that probiotics are involved in reducing the tumor size and stopped the growth of tumour. In Human studies it was observed that the use of probiotic *Lactobacillus casei shirota* prevented the onset of breast cancer. Also the use of fermented dairy products such as yogurt and fermented milk was inversely linked with the onset of breast cancer. Probiotics can be used for both preventive and treatment purposes of breast cancer. However more studies are needed in order to confirm the safety and efficacy of

Experiments have shown that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can be result of dysbiosis of gut microbiota. This microbiota is involved in the permeability of gut mucosa and immune system of host which are linked to the type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Different type of probiotic strains either single or multiple can be used for intervening type 2 diabetes mellitus. Probiotics that are mainly used to treat the symptoms of type 2 diabetes are *Lactococcus*, *Bifidobacterium* and *Lactobacillus*. After the oral probiotic administration can be helpful in modulating the immune function, gut microbiota and balancing the energy metabolism. Therefore it was suggested that probiotics are involved in reducing the incidence, delaying and reversing the

#### *Therapeutic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86762*

*Oral Health by Using Probiotic Products*

*2.5.10 Helicobacter pylori*

*2.5.11 Liver disease*

*2.5.11.1 Hepatic encephalopathy*

*2.5.11.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease*

specific probiotic for this disease [70].

*2.5.12 Probiotics in infants health*

Probiotics are present in greater quantity in fermented milks. During milk fermentation, *L. helveticus* is able to produce factors that are involved in enhancing the expression of calcineurin which is involved in the formation of mast and goblet cells in the gastrointestinal tract of mouse [59]. The intake of probiotic strain VSL3 is involved in down regulation of such immune responses by decreasing the secretion of IL-8, regardless of the presence of the bacterial pathogen *Salmonella dublin* [60].

The most common and worst bacterial infection found in human is the *Helicobacter pylori*. It causes a number of diseases like peptic ulcers, chronic gastritis, lymphoma, gastric adenocarcinoma and number of other diseases not related to gastrointestinal tract. Probiotics prevent the *H. pylori* infection by enhancing the immunoregulation functions that works as antagonistic to infection caused by *H. pylori* [61–63]. Many studies reported that *H. pylori* growth and gastritis infection can be minimized but the causative organism cannot be completely removed. It is noted that prebiotics plays their role for the suppression of *H. pylori* as well as they also enhance the efficacy of eradication therapy by stopping the side effects caused by antibiotics thus improving compliance [64]. *saccharomyces boulardii* is

By changing the microbiota count in the gut either by using probiotics or fermentable fiber has been related for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in experimental studies [65, 66]. This therapy works as it lowers the blood ammonia level due to inhabitation of bacteria that is acid resistant as well as not producing

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is a disease in which patients are not edict of alcohol but showing the systems of liver biopsy. Experiments on model rats suffering from fatty liver disease have been indicated that intestinal microbiota, bacterial endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor α modulate liver damage caused by alcohol. There is a perception that intestinal microbiota produces endogenous signals, which shows a pathologic role in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, suggests a role for novel probiotic therapy in this not so uncommon condition [68, 69]. Recent studies have showed that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is also thought to be linked with the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. By restoring and maintaining the gut microbiota, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can be controlled. However extensive studies on the strains of gut microbiota and tests on various probiotics may be helpful in determining the use of

Human milk defends infants from contagious diseases by several mechanisms.

Human milk has various components that modulate the intestinal microbiota and *bifidobacteria*. These bacteria are the basic and significant constituent of the infants that are fed with human milk [71, 72]. Human milk can also minimize the incidence and harmful effects of inhabiting pathogens [73, 74]. Consequently,

found helpful in reducing the symptoms of *Helicobacter pylori*.

urease Further work on this approach is still under work [67].

**12**

it has been observed that a balanced increased in bifidobacterial concentration and reduction in enteric bacterial count and luminal factors of host may show a positive role in defending premature offspring and infants from diarrheal disease. Alteration of the intestinal microbiota by improving the prevalence of nonpathogenic bacteria is an effective method to attain a therapeutic treatment against enteric pathogens [75].
