Preface

Technological innovation is a type of process that leads to the expansion and improvement of techniques and technologies for the production and distribution of products. Technological innovation can be pursued both by public institutions and private companies. Despite the name, technological innovation can also involve concepts other than technology. The best organization of the production and distribution system is also considered an innovation.

Technological innovation can be divided into:

"Product innovation" is the introduction on the market of a new product or service. It can be a radical or incremental innovation depending on whether it is a new product or the improvement of an existing product.

"Process innovation" is the introduction of a new production process that increases production efficiency, reducing production costs and/or increasing productivity. It can be a radical or incremental innovation depending on whether the innovation involves a new production process or the improvement of a pre-existing process.

Technological innovation is one of the driving factors for economic growth and business competitiveness. The introduction of technological innovation can create new markets or market segments to radically change the market balance between companies and also the same behavior habits in society.

The agri-food system, and in particular the olive oil supply chain, in Italy is of great importance, both in terms of employment and turnover. The agri-food system includes all those sectors of the economy involved in agricultural production, in the transformation of the agricultural product into a food commodity, and in distribution to the final consumer. In the upstream phase of each agri-food supply chain we can find agricultural enterprises. The agricultural enterprises have unique characteristics, which differentiate them from any other productive activity, since production is dependent on climatic and environmental factors, as well as on the biological and seasonal cycle, and the output of the productions are characterized by rapid perishability. Over the years the weight of the various actors within the agri-food system has changed. The agricultural sector is also important from economic and social points of view, because it is and has been an element for the integration of the European Union countries through the Community Agricultural Policies.

This work aims to analyze the link between the olive oil production chain and technological innovation. The global opening of markets obliges companies to make continuous efforts in research and development to innovate their products; demand is constantly changing, and therefore companies must be quick to catch these changes, trying to satisfy the needs of consumers with products that are adequate to try to remain competitive in the market.

The book highlights the aspects of technological innovation as a means for the production of high-quality olive oils, and then moves on to address topics such as the contemporary challenges of the extra virgin olive oil chain through emerging technologies and how some of these technological innovations (i.e. microwave, pulsed electric field, and ultrasound) can improve not only the quantity of the product but also, and above all, the quality. Obviously, the quality of extra virgin olive oil goes through its main antioxidant compounds, such as phenolic compounds and tocopherols, and on the effect these molecules play on human health, such as the regulation of activation of connective tissue mast cells. Finally, the sensorial aspects of virgin olive oils and their classification based on European Community regulations are not overlooked.

The purpose of this book is to provide a glimpse into the olive oil industry by presenting the thoughts of some of the scientists who are engaged in the development of new tools and ideas used to improve the quality of products, often from very different perspectives. I hope and trust that the information in this book will be used as the basis for policy and technical decisions to strengthen national efforts to conserve and utilize the treasures incorporated in the world's plant genetic resources to address the urgent problems faced by agriculture today and tomorrow.

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the authors who contributed to this book by sharing their valuable work. Special thanks also go to the reviewers who have used their valuable time for the improvement of the chapters. Finally, thanks to the publishing house that provided me with great professionalism in the realization of the book.

> **Innocenzo Muzzalupo** Research Centre for Olive, Citrus and Tree Fruit, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA-OFA), Rende (CS), Italy

> > **1**

Section 1

Introduction

Section 1 Introduction

**3**

1

these solutions.

required [2].

competitiveness.

**Chapter 1**

*Innocenzo Muzzalupo*

**1. Technological innovation**

perceivable value in the olive-olive oil sector.

Introductory Chapter:

for Products Qualification

that are increasingly in line with the trends of current demand.

of GDP and 9% of exports. On the one hand, Smart AgriFood1

Technological Innovation as Tool

In a context of increasing competitive pressure, company management that is more professional in terms of marketing is an essential condition to generate

Technological innovation has undergone unprecedented development; this evolution can offer extraordinary opportunities for product qualification which, today, have not been adequately exploited due to a lack of vision. Understanding the needs of consumers and innovations in managing the different stages of the supply chain represent the real challenge for competitiveness of olive oil companies in the near future. It represents a challenge that is destined to produce commercial proposals

Digital innovation in the agri-food sector can guarantee competitiveness to one of the key sectors of the Italian economy, which contributes more than 11%

duction costs of high-quality products, while, on the other hand, it can increase revenues thanks to greater recognition or guarantee, for example, with anticounterfeiting or the reduction of non-compliant exported products. However, digital innovation also makes it possible to intervene to support the entire supply chain, guaranteeing sustainability to all participants in the sector, including production in the field. The data all lead in that direction; with a population of 9.7 billion and an increase in demand of 32%, according to forecasts to 2050, there is little leeway. However, digital innovation could support the entire supply chain, encouraging players in the sector, including field production [1]. However, there are still obstacles; currently less than 1% of cultivated areas are managed with

However, for digital technologies to fully release their potential certain conditions must be fulfilled. First of all, the extension of broadband and

extra-wide bandwidth to rural areas is necessary in order to ensure supply chain interconnection. Sensitivity, skill and a propensity to invest by companies, a fact not taken for granted, considering the small average size of farms, are also

 The term Smart AgriFood identifies, in a nutshell, a vision of the future of the agricultural and agrifood supply chain according to which, thanks to digital technologies, the entire sector will increase its

can reduce pro-

#### **Chapter 1**

## Introductory Chapter: Technological Innovation as Tool for Products Qualification

*Innocenzo Muzzalupo*

#### **1. Technological innovation**

In a context of increasing competitive pressure, company management that is more professional in terms of marketing is an essential condition to generate perceivable value in the olive-olive oil sector.

Technological innovation has undergone unprecedented development; this evolution can offer extraordinary opportunities for product qualification which, today, have not been adequately exploited due to a lack of vision. Understanding the needs of consumers and innovations in managing the different stages of the supply chain represent the real challenge for competitiveness of olive oil companies in the near future. It represents a challenge that is destined to produce commercial proposals that are increasingly in line with the trends of current demand.

Digital innovation in the agri-food sector can guarantee competitiveness to one of the key sectors of the Italian economy, which contributes more than 11% of GDP and 9% of exports. On the one hand, Smart AgriFood1 can reduce production costs of high-quality products, while, on the other hand, it can increase revenues thanks to greater recognition or guarantee, for example, with anticounterfeiting or the reduction of non-compliant exported products. However, digital innovation also makes it possible to intervene to support the entire supply chain, guaranteeing sustainability to all participants in the sector, including production in the field. The data all lead in that direction; with a population of 9.7 billion and an increase in demand of 32%, according to forecasts to 2050, there is little leeway. However, digital innovation could support the entire supply chain, encouraging players in the sector, including field production [1]. However, there are still obstacles; currently less than 1% of cultivated areas are managed with these solutions.

However, for digital technologies to fully release their potential certain conditions must be fulfilled. First of all, the extension of broadband and extra-wide bandwidth to rural areas is necessary in order to ensure supply chain interconnection. Sensitivity, skill and a propensity to invest by companies, a fact not taken for granted, considering the small average size of farms, are also required [2].

<sup>1</sup> The term Smart AgriFood identifies, in a nutshell, a vision of the future of the agricultural and agrifood supply chain according to which, thanks to digital technologies, the entire sector will increase its competitiveness.

It is necessary to remember that the industry 4.02 plan aims to have all Italian companies connected at 30 Mbps by 2020 and 50% connected at 100 Mbps by 2050 [3]. On the pulverization of our agricultural system (a long and fractioned supply chain with a proliferation of small companies), a single figure is sufficient: the average size is 12 ha (compared to 58 ha in France), with 2.5 employees which constitutes an undoubted brake on investments, even in managerial resources. It is essential that Italy focus on both quality and digital technology to compete, while the few large companies could also focus on robotics. An important figure, that has emerged from research and which should guide choices, is that 80% of consumers use smartphones for purchasing decisions.

When should planting and irrigation take place? When and how much fertilizer? When should action be taken to prevent pathologies? How can yields be maximized based on different land performance? A cross-analysis of environmental, climatic and cultural factors allows the execution of targeted actions, to improve crop yields, use less pesticides and affect product quality. In order to benefit from these opportunities, which save both time and money, it is necessary to switch from precision farming (GPS and satellite-driven tractors), which have been discussed since the 1990s, to interconnected farming, the so-called Internet of Farming, with its new instruments (drones, sensors, the Internet of Things and Big Data). A survey was conducted for 220 solutions offered in Italy by more than 70 companies: 89% support precision farming while only 11% have enabled the Internet of Farming. In particular, the majority exploits data and analytics (73%), 41% uses the Internet of Things and 57% uses processing systems and user interface software.

Data management is the key element in agriculture 4.0, <sup>3</sup> but it must be translated into information and be transferred to all operators in the supply chain. One of the key issues is the capacity of reading, harmonizing and standardizing data given that they come from different sources; this is the reason why researchers have warned the need to invest in training as well as to overcome obstacles to innovation. Just tractors in Italy generate over 1 million gigabytes in a year, in addition to environmental, warehouse, farm and more general data of a corporate nature; however, today this information is scarcely valued [4].

Today the perception of quality in a product has changed: taste is no longer sufficient; the complex form is a heptagon where, on each side, there are factors that influence it, such as food safety, nutrition, provenance of raw materials, social and environmental impacts of production processes (such as animal welfare), appearance, taste and aroma, and service. Based on an analysis conducted by researchers in this sector, in 57 case studies, digital innovation allows companies to improve the

3 Agriculture 4.0 is therefore for cooperation and sharing in terms of data and information, between different machines, between different operators, along the entire supply chain. You look at the whole process, no longer at the single step: the tractor communicates with the harvester and perhaps sends a signal to the local supplier, for example when a component does not work. The agricultural entrepreneur can have a complete view of all the activities of the machines in the field and make sure that they are working at their best; can monitor the results and costs of operations, at every stage of the process, putting them in relation to the possible final price of its product on the market. This is, at least in theory, Agriculture 4.0.

**5**

explored [7].

well as distribution.

*Introductory Chapter: Technological Innovation as Tool for Products Qualification*

traceability and environmental impact) to consumers [5].

qualities on all the dimensions of the heptagon. A total of 51% of the companies uses digital technologies to valorize qualities of origin, especially in the case of products with a high added value (such as wine, cocoa and coffee); 46% used digital innovation to improve food safety and 25% concentrated on production methods, above all for aspects linked to environmental impact, animal welfare and agri-food traditions of different territories; lastly, in 12% of the cases, the businesses used technology to improve service quality, adopting innovative solutions to communicate product information (nutritional advice) and process information (origins,

It took a disaster such as 'mad cow' disease to accelerate the traceability plan; today, 36% of the analyzed agri-food companies, thanks to digital solutions, achieved a reduction in the times and costs connected with harvest processes, data management and transmission [6]. Digital solutions permit interventions aimed at food safety along the food chain thus avoiding financial damage. But they can also be used to combat counterfeiting to protect the protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) systems, for greater information for the consumer. The sectors most involved in technological innovation for traceability are the fruit and vegetable sector (30%), the meat supply chain (23%), dairy products (14%) and coffee-cocoa (12%). The instruments used to improve traceability are barcodes (39%), RFIds (Radio-Frequency Identification, 32%) management systems (32%), Big Data (30%) and mobile technologies (21%), while innovative technologies such as the IoT and blockchains have yet to be

From 2011 until today, 481 international start-ups have been created, of which 12% are Italian. Of these start-ups, 218 regard e-commerce and the area with the greatest presence is the United States. The most important sectors include the fruit and vegetable sector, with 17% of international start-ups. Precision agriculture and food quality are the most explored and most interesting application areas for investors. Also in Italy, the most important sector is the fruit and vegetable sector (14% of Italian start-ups), followed by wine (9%) and cereal (7%). Quality and environmental sustainability are the areas in which they are most active, with 50% of the funds raised, followed by precision agriculture (35%) and food quality (29%) [8]. How is the health of Italian extra virgin olive oil, one of the flags of the Made in Italy brand? One might say it has its ups and downs; quality oil in circulation, for which demand is increasing, constitutes less than half, 39.2% to be precise. This has been confirmed by a study conducted by Symbola (Foundation for Italian Qualities), CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics) in collaboration with Coldiretti and Unaprol (National Union of Olive Producers Associations). The report (called Poq, quality internal product) was presented in the Coldiretti pavilion at Milan Expo; it evaluated not only the organoleptic qualities, but also the entire chain including 102 indicators, the soil, grinding, respect for the environment, the use of pesticides, water consumption, human capital management as

The results say that a segment of producers invests in quality while about 60% do not. Yet, that is the winning path. Even in times of crisis, in contrast with the overall trend of the sector, in Italy, it is precisely the consumption of quality that continues to record growth. It would therefore need a turning point, the same that in the past affected the wine sector, where, thanks also to the methanol wine scandal (23 deaths), quantity has been abandoned for quality. Today, numbers justify that change with a value that has risen by six, seven times, despite the fact that production has fallen by 50%. The Piq, therefore, may prove to be a useful database not only for institutions, but also for consumers, who are often poorly informed and do not understand what lies behind such

marked price differences, from €2.50 to over €9 for a liter bottle of olive oil [8].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86084*

<sup>2</sup> Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in real-time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.

#### *Introductory Chapter: Technological Innovation as Tool for Products Qualification DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86084*

qualities on all the dimensions of the heptagon. A total of 51% of the companies uses digital technologies to valorize qualities of origin, especially in the case of products with a high added value (such as wine, cocoa and coffee); 46% used digital innovation to improve food safety and 25% concentrated on production methods, above all for aspects linked to environmental impact, animal welfare and agri-food traditions of different territories; lastly, in 12% of the cases, the businesses used technology to improve service quality, adopting innovative solutions to communicate product information (nutritional advice) and process information (origins, traceability and environmental impact) to consumers [5].

It took a disaster such as 'mad cow' disease to accelerate the traceability plan; today, 36% of the analyzed agri-food companies, thanks to digital solutions, achieved a reduction in the times and costs connected with harvest processes, data management and transmission [6]. Digital solutions permit interventions aimed at food safety along the food chain thus avoiding financial damage. But they can also be used to combat counterfeiting to protect the protected designation of origin (PDO) and protected geographical indication (PGI) systems, for greater information for the consumer. The sectors most involved in technological innovation for traceability are the fruit and vegetable sector (30%), the meat supply chain (23%), dairy products (14%) and coffee-cocoa (12%). The instruments used to improve traceability are barcodes (39%), RFIds (Radio-Frequency Identification, 32%) management systems (32%), Big Data (30%) and mobile technologies (21%), while innovative technologies such as the IoT and blockchains have yet to be explored [7].

From 2011 until today, 481 international start-ups have been created, of which 12% are Italian. Of these start-ups, 218 regard e-commerce and the area with the greatest presence is the United States. The most important sectors include the fruit and vegetable sector, with 17% of international start-ups. Precision agriculture and food quality are the most explored and most interesting application areas for investors. Also in Italy, the most important sector is the fruit and vegetable sector (14% of Italian start-ups), followed by wine (9%) and cereal (7%). Quality and environmental sustainability are the areas in which they are most active, with 50% of the funds raised, followed by precision agriculture (35%) and food quality (29%) [8].

How is the health of Italian extra virgin olive oil, one of the flags of the Made in Italy brand? One might say it has its ups and downs; quality oil in circulation, for which demand is increasing, constitutes less than half, 39.2% to be precise. This has been confirmed by a study conducted by Symbola (Foundation for Italian Qualities), CREA (Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics) in collaboration with Coldiretti and Unaprol (National Union of Olive Producers Associations). The report (called Poq, quality internal product) was presented in the Coldiretti pavilion at Milan Expo; it evaluated not only the organoleptic qualities, but also the entire chain including 102 indicators, the soil, grinding, respect for the environment, the use of pesticides, water consumption, human capital management as well as distribution.

The results say that a segment of producers invests in quality while about 60% do not. Yet, that is the winning path. Even in times of crisis, in contrast with the overall trend of the sector, in Italy, it is precisely the consumption of quality that continues to record growth. It would therefore need a turning point, the same that in the past affected the wine sector, where, thanks also to the methanol wine scandal (23 deaths), quantity has been abandoned for quality. Today, numbers justify that change with a value that has risen by six, seven times, despite the fact that production has fallen by 50%. The Piq, therefore, may prove to be a useful database not only for institutions, but also for consumers, who are often poorly informed and do not understand what lies behind such marked price differences, from €2.50 to over €9 for a liter bottle of olive oil [8].

*Technological Innovation in the Olive Oil Production Chain*

use smartphones for purchasing decisions.

interface software.

scarcely valued [4].

It is necessary to remember that the industry 4.02

Data management is the key element in agriculture 4.0,

companies connected at 30 Mbps by 2020 and 50% connected at 100 Mbps by 2050 [3]. On the pulverization of our agricultural system (a long and fractioned supply chain with a proliferation of small companies), a single figure is sufficient: the average size is 12 ha (compared to 58 ha in France), with 2.5 employees which constitutes an undoubted brake on investments, even in managerial resources. It is essential that Italy focus on both quality and digital technology to compete, while the few large companies could also focus on robotics. An important figure, that has emerged from research and which should guide choices, is that 80% of consumers

When should planting and irrigation take place? When and how much fertilizer? When should action be taken to prevent pathologies? How can yields be maximized based on different land performance? A cross-analysis of environmental, climatic and cultural factors allows the execution of targeted actions, to improve crop yields, use less pesticides and affect product quality. In order to benefit from these opportunities, which save both time and money, it is necessary to switch from precision farming (GPS and satellite-driven tractors), which have been discussed since the 1990s, to interconnected farming, the so-called Internet of Farming, with its new instruments (drones, sensors, the Internet of Things and Big Data). A survey was conducted for 220 solutions offered in Italy by more than 70 companies: 89% support precision farming while only 11% have enabled the Internet of Farming. In particular, the majority exploits data and analytics (73%), 41% uses the Internet of Things and 57% uses processing systems and user

into information and be transferred to all operators in the supply chain. One of the key issues is the capacity of reading, harmonizing and standardizing data given that they come from different sources; this is the reason why researchers have warned the need to invest in training as well as to overcome obstacles to innovation. Just tractors in Italy generate over 1 million gigabytes in a year, in addition to environmental, warehouse, farm and more general data of a corporate nature; however, today this information is

Today the perception of quality in a product has changed: taste is no longer sufficient; the complex form is a heptagon where, on each side, there are factors that influence it, such as food safety, nutrition, provenance of raw materials, social and environmental impacts of production processes (such as animal welfare), appearance, taste and aroma, and service. Based on an analysis conducted by researchers in this sector, in 57 case studies, digital innovation allows companies to improve the

 Industry 4.0 is a name given to the current trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies. It includes cyber-physical systems, the Internet of things, cloud computing and cognitive computing. Industry 4.0 is commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution. Industry 4.0 fosters what has been called a "smart factory". Within modular structured smart factories, cyber-physical systems monitor physical processes, create a virtual copy of the physical world and make decentralized decisions. Over the Internet of Things, cyber-physical systems communicate and cooperate with each other and with humans in real-time both internally and across organizational services offered and used by participants of the value chain.

 Agriculture 4.0 is therefore for cooperation and sharing in terms of data and information, between different machines, between different operators, along the entire supply chain. You look at the whole process, no longer at the single step: the tractor communicates with the harvester and perhaps sends a signal to the local supplier, for example when a component does not work. The agricultural entrepreneur can have a complete view of all the activities of the machines in the field and make sure that they are working at their best; can monitor the results and costs of operations, at every stage of the process, putting them in relation

to the possible final price of its product on the market. This is, at least in theory, Agriculture 4.0.

plan aims to have all Italian

<sup>3</sup> but it must be translated

**4**

2

3

Italian oil, with a turnover of €3 billion, has important numbers. It would be enough to say that our country with 43 products holds the record of oils certified by the European brand (PDO or PGI) [7].

Italy is the second largest global producer of olive oil and constitutes a fifth of European production. It is, furthermore, the third producer of table olives and, on the topic of biodiversity, it is unbeatable due to 538 diverse cultivar types [9]. Also in terms of label transparency, Italy is second to none, having the largest network of olive traceability and monitoring on a European level [10].

Yet, in recent years, negative signals have appeared: in 2014, the national harvest fell by 35% due to a 38% increase in imported oil. The year 2015 recorded the peak of imports of foreign olive oil, in particular of Tunisian olive oil which increased by 681% in the first trimester of the year. Poor quality oil is often at risk of counterfeiting and alteration. Seizures by NAS (Nuclei Anti-Sophysation and health of the Italian Army) grew by 483% in 7 years. Extra virgin olive oil (which must be obtained exclusively with mechanical models and whose acidity must not exceed 0.8%) has been found to have altered with the addition of refined oils and those extracted with solvents, or poor-quality oils, such as hazelnut [11]. A useful step in this direction was the entrance into force of a community regulation, last November, which made the anti-topping cap for the extra virgin olive oil and the virgin compulsory in restaurants and bars. This measure seeks to prevent the empty bottle being refilled, which carries a fine from €1000 to €8000 euros to be paid by the operator.

A positive step forward comes from the go-ahead by the House to the agriculture legal decree which allocates €32 million for the national olive oil plan with important structural measures for the Italian supply chain.

Finally, from a nutritional point of view, it should be remembered that extra virgin olive oil is one of the components of the Mediterranean diet, registered by UNESCO as world heritage. According to the tables of the CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, an extra virgin olive oil has only about 14% saturated fats (whose intake levels should be kept low). Just to give an idea, coconut oil has 86% and the infamous palm oil 47% [12].

#### **Acknowledgements**

This work was supported by grants from the POR Calabria FESR-ESF 2014-2020 Action 1.2.2, S3 strategies. "Extra virgin olive oil digital ID management - ODIN" Project.

**7**

**Author details**

Innocenzo Muzzalupo

provided the original work is properly cited.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86084*

*Introductory Chapter: Technological Innovation as Tool for Products Qualification*

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA-OFA), CS, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to: innocenzo.muzzalupo@crea.gov.it

#### **Conflict of interest**

The author declares no conflict of interest.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86084 Introductory Chapter: Technological Innovation as Tool for Products Qualification*

#### **Author details**

*Technological Innovation in the Olive Oil Production Chain*

olive traceability and monitoring on a European level [10].

tant structural measures for the Italian supply chain.

The author declares no conflict of interest.

and the infamous palm oil 47% [12].

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

Project.

the European brand (PDO or PGI) [7].

Italian oil, with a turnover of €3 billion, has important numbers. It would be enough to say that our country with 43 products holds the record of oils certified by

Italy is the second largest global producer of olive oil and constitutes a fifth of European production. It is, furthermore, the third producer of table olives and, on the topic of biodiversity, it is unbeatable due to 538 diverse cultivar types [9]. Also in terms of label transparency, Italy is second to none, having the largest network of

Yet, in recent years, negative signals have appeared: in 2014, the national harvest fell by 35% due to a 38% increase in imported oil. The year 2015 recorded the peak of imports of foreign olive oil, in particular of Tunisian olive oil which increased by 681% in the first trimester of the year. Poor quality oil is often at risk of counterfeiting and alteration. Seizures by NAS (Nuclei Anti-Sophysation and health of the Italian Army) grew by 483% in 7 years. Extra virgin olive oil (which must be obtained exclusively with mechanical models and whose acidity must not exceed 0.8%) has been found to have altered with the addition of refined oils and those extracted with solvents, or poor-quality oils, such as hazelnut [11]. A useful step in this direction was the entrance into force of a community regulation, last November, which made the anti-topping cap for the extra virgin olive oil and the virgin compulsory in restaurants and bars. This measure seeks to prevent the empty bottle being refilled, which carries a fine from €1000 to €8000 euros to be paid by the operator. A positive step forward comes from the go-ahead by the House to the agriculture legal decree which allocates €32 million for the national olive oil plan with impor-

Finally, from a nutritional point of view, it should be remembered that extra virgin olive oil is one of the components of the Mediterranean diet, registered by UNESCO as world heritage. According to the tables of the CREA Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, an extra virgin olive oil has only about 14% saturated fats (whose intake levels should be kept low). Just to give an idea, coconut oil has 86%

This work was supported by grants from the POR Calabria FESR-ESF 2014-2020 Action 1.2.2, S3 strategies. "Extra virgin olive oil digital ID management - ODIN"

**6**

Innocenzo Muzzalupo

Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e L'analisi Dell'economia Agraria (CREA-OFA), CS, Italy

\*Address all correspondence to: innocenzo.muzzalupo@crea.gov.it

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

### **References**

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[2] Lasi H, Kemper HG, Fettke P, Feld T, Hoffmann M. Industry 4.0. Business & Information Systems Engineering. 2017;**4**(6):239-242

[3] Egon M, Xiao-Li C, Ralph R. Challenges and requirements for the application of industry 4.0: A special insight with the usage of cyber-physical system. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 2017;**30**(5):1050-1057

[4] Ministry of the Policies Agricultural, Food, Forestry and Tourism. Report sullo stato dell'arte dell'Agricoltura di Precisione in Italia. 2015. Available from: www.politicheagricole.it

[5] Gatto S. Applicazione delle Tecnologie di Agricoltura di Precisione nella Coltivazione del Mais in una Azienda Cerealicola-Zootecnica. 2012. Available from: http://tesi.cab.unipd. it/42408/

[6] Eurostat. Statistiche Sulla Struttura Delle Aziende Agricole. 2015. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/statistics-explained/index. php?title=Farm\_structure\_statistics/ it&oldid=370120

[7] European Union Commission Regulation. (EEC) No 2568/91. Brussels: Official European Commission Journal; 1991

[8] International Olive Oil Council. World Olive Oil Balances for 2017/18 Market Newsletter; IOOC. 2018. Available from: ///C:/Users/alev/Downloads/ CONSOMMATION1\_ANG.pdf

[9] Muzzalupo I. Olive Germplasm— Italian Catalogue of Olive Varieties.

Rijeka, Crotia: InTech; 2012. Available from: https://www.intechopen. com/books/olive-germplasmitalian-catalogue-of-olive-varieties/ olive-germplasm-italian-catalogue-ofolive-varieties

[10] Chiappetta A, Muto A, Muzzalupo R, Muzzalupo I. New rapid procedure for genetic characterization of Italian wild olive (Olea europaea) and traceability of virgin olive oils by means of SSR markers. Scientia Horticulturae. 2017;**226**(19):42-49

[11] Muzzalupo I. Breaking news on the authenticity of olive oils by means of molecular markers. Novel Techniques in Nutrition and Food Science. 2017;**1**(1):000505. Available from: https://crimsonpublishers.com/ntnf/ pdf/NTNF.000505.pdf

[12] Council for Agricultural Research and Analysis of Agricultural Economics. 2018. Available from: https://www.crea. gov.it/it

**9**

Section 2

Novel Technologies
