**3.3** *Saraca indica*

 *S. indica* auct. L. commonly known as Asoka-tree or Ashok is a plant belonging to the Detarioideae subfamily of the Fabaceae family. Asoka tree is an evergreen tree with a spreading crown which can grow up to 24 m tall and 34 cm in diameter. The original plant specimen came from Java. Some traditional uses of the plant include treatment of dyspepsia, fever, burning sensation, colic, ulcers, menorrhagia, leucorrhoea, pimples [42]. *S. indica* evoked strong bactericidal activity against different strains of multi-drug resistance *V. cholera*, with MBCs ranging from 1 to 4 mg/mL [39]. A study by Sharma et al. [41] also showed the anti-vibrio potential of the ethanolic stem bark extract, with MICs range of 2.5–10 mg/mL against 13 strains of *V. cholera*.

### **3.4** *Butea monosperma*

*B. monosperma* (Lam.) Taub. (Papilionaceae) is a native to tropical and subtropical parts of the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, ranging across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and western Indonesia. Common names include flame-of-the-forest and bastard teak. It is a medium-sized dry season-deciduous tree, growing to 15 m tall. Leaves are pinnate, with (8–16 cm) petiole and three leaflets of 10–20 cm long. Its flowers are used in traditional medicine for the treatment of ulcer, inflammation, hepatic disorder and eye diseases [43]. The methanol flower extract showed anticholera activity with MIC and MBC ranging from 1.75 to 5 mg/mL against different strains of multi-drug resistance *V. cholera* [39].

## **3.5** *Euphorbia serpens*

*E. serpens* Kunth is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. It is native to South America but it can be found on most continents as an introduced species and often a weed. This is an annual herb forming a mat of prostrate stems [44]. Purified

bioactive fraction of aqueous extract of *E. serpens* exhibited an anti-Vibrio activity at a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 3.92 mg/mL [45].
