**8. Conclusion**

Leptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease resulting in high mortality in humans and animals. The disease is diagnosed clinically by fever, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and arthralgia. Leptospirosis is caused by more than 250 serovars, while pomona and grippotyphosa being the most prevalent serovars among them. However, among cattle, serovar Hardjo is the most important in causation of

**55**

provided the original work is properly cited.

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: amjadwaseer@gmail.com

*Leptospirosis: Rising Nuisance for Cattle and Threat to Public Health*

\*, Muhammad Ijaz<sup>2</sup>

, Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar5

2 Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary

3 Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterianary and Animal

5 Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences,

4 Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

1 Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,

disease. Among the Asian countries, the highest prevalence of leptospirosis was found in India. Leptospirosis is mainly transmitted by direct contact with infected urine, and bacteria are mainly entered through ruptured skin. In house IgM ELISA is highly specific technique for *Leptospira* diagnosis. However, among the serological test, ELISA is more sensitive test for *Leptospira* diagnosis. Most effective treatment for *Leptospira* is doxycycline or azithromycin; however, former is not recommended in pregnancy. However, in severe cases, blood transfusion is also a best choice to save the life of animal. At last, the most effective way to control the disease is vaccination at early age of life following booster doses to avoid from more

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82211*

severe economic losses.

**Author details**

Amjad Islam Aqib1

Muhammad Shoaib4

Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan

and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

, Shahid Hussain Farooqi3

,

and Khadija Yasmeen5
