**Author details**

*Bacterial Cattle Diseases*

**7.2 Vaccination**

Elevated bilirubin levels result from hemolysis and hepatorenal failure, indicating the characteristic nature of clinical signs [73]. Blood transfusion was reported to be quite effective in cases of life-threatening anemia in cattle. Previous reports suggest that timely transfusion of whole fresh blood be administrated to overcome severe hemolytic leptospirosis. Indeed, transfusion providing the vital components such as erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma contributes to repair the present collapses, that is, anemia, hemorrhagic diathesis, septicemia, and hepatorenal failure, in affected cattle [71]. A PCV value of 15% or less developing acutely may require transfusion, while chronic anemia can be tolerated in cattle without any transfusion [74].

The optimal control regime for leptospirosis is to prevent clinical disease and exfoliation in the urine in animals exposed to different serotypes of *Leptospira*. The most common method of controlling leptospirosis in cattle is vaccination and selective treatment. In addition, proper quarantine procedures should be implemented to prevent the introduction of hajo in the herd by buying infected animals. However, leptospirosis and wild animals gave rise as a carrier of the prevalence of serotypes of hardjo infections in cattle, mainly to prevent the overall impact of leptospirosis in most dairy products and Rieben beef failure. This is impossible. Thus, vaccination depends on an increase in the resistance of an animal to leptospiral serotype infection in this area. In all cases, the effort (buildings, under the control of rodents around swamps and creeks, for example, surround) must be made in order to limit direct and indirect contact between the cattle and Leptospirosetragern. In addition, proper quarantine procedures should be implemented to prevent the introduction of hajo in the herd by buying infected animals. However, leptospirosis and wild animals gave rise as a carrier of the prevalence of serotypes of hardjo infections in cattle, mainly to prevent the overall impact of leptospirosis in most dairy products and Rieben beef failure. This is impossible. Thus, vaccination depends on an increase in the resistance of an animal to leptospiral serotype infection in this area. The leptoral vaccine currently available for cattle in the United States is a 5-fold bacterial whole cell vaccine, including Pomona, Canicola, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, and Hardjo serotypes. These antigens can also be used in various combinations of other viral and bacterial vaccines. In the United States, a series of experimental studies and field data are available from the United States. Typical leptospirosis vaccines are Hajo kidney serotype infection, urinary tract infection or fetus (ha-ha type). This does not exclude the fact that the state indicates that the country is isolated from the United States. Many of the available Hardjo vaccines were approved many years ago in rigorous efficacy studies that mimic the natural route of exposure, and the last method to determine whether the Hardjo serotypes are infected with cattle is Hardjo stocks which did not use the serotype. However, recently two Hardjo vaccine serotypes have been widely studied using appropriate strains and methods. Compared to many other Hardjo serotype vaccines, these two products have shown excellent

protection against infection and Hardjo hemoglobin isolation [75].

Leptospirosis is a major zoonotic disease resulting in high mortality in humans

and animals. The disease is diagnosed clinically by fever, headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, and arthralgia. Leptospirosis is caused by more than 250 serovars, while pomona and grippotyphosa being the most prevalent serovars among them. However, among cattle, serovar Hardjo is the most important in causation of

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**8. Conclusion**

Amjad Islam Aqib1 \*, Muhammad Ijaz<sup>2</sup> , Shahid Hussain Farooqi3 , Muhammad Shoaib4 , Muhammad Fakhar-e-Alam Kulyar5 and Khadija Yasmeen5

1 Department of Medicine, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

2 Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

3 Department of Clinical Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterianary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Pakistan

4 Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

5 Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

\*Address all correspondence to: amjadwaseer@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
