**5.2 Listeriosis**

*Listeriosis* is an infectious disease caused by bacteria, *Listeria monocytogenes*. It is an animal disease. Listeriosis is primarily the winter sickness of the winter feedlot or ruminant dwells. The less acidic pH of the corroded silage enhances the multiplication of *L. monocytogenes*. Listeriosis occurs intermittently in cows, where most cases are associated with feeding fermented and poorly preserved feeds. Listeriosis is an infectious but not contagious disease caused by *Listeria monocytogenes*, which is more common in domestic animals (mammals and domestic poultry), especially ruminants, than humans and is sporadic but can occur like an outbreak in ruminant farms. Listeriosis is treated with antibiotics, depending on the shape of the disease; treatment may take up to 6 weeks or more [5].

High doses are required because of the difficulty in achieving minimum concentrations of antibiotics in the brain. Recovery depends on early and aggressive antibiotics. If signs of encephalitis are severe, death usually occurs despite treatment. The risk of listeriosis can be reduced by feeding good quality silage with low pH. Avoid the bad or decomposed silage or the high-grade silage (a few inches) that have been exposed to air. Any remaining residual fodder should be removed at no cost after feeding. Anti-rodents will prevent the spread of bacteria. Vaccines are available in some countries, but the results are questionable, leading to questions about the cost-benefit of vaccination.

### **5.3 Leptospirosis**

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection that has identified five common serovars causing abortion in cattle: *Leptospira canicola*, *L. icterohaemorrhagiae*, *L. grippotyphosa*, *L. hardjo*, and *L. pomona*. Leptospirosis is spread by infected urine or contaminated water (by mice). Control of *Leptospira hardjo* in herds depends on a range of management decisions to reduce the risk of infection, strategic treatment with antibiotics, and vaccination. The main pathway to immunization consists of two spaced injections of 4 weeks followed by an annual lift. Vaccination should prevent the execration of the microorganism in urine after exposure and protect against falling milk and abortion.

In contaminated regions, herds without previous infection of leptospiroses, all animals of the herd, including bulls, should be quarantined and isolated for 21 days and given 25 mg/kg streptomycin two times for 10–14 days interval before

**9**

management.

control disease outbreaks.

control, and sanitation);

via disinfection and sanitation; and

*Introductory Chapter: Bacterial Cattle Diseases - Economic Impact and Their Control*

entering the herd. Herds of acute leptospiroses infection should be under a comprehensive antibiotic treatment to reduce the risk of infection and immunization. Herds in an endemic regions should be vaccinated annually. Replacement heifers should have completed their vaccination course before first service. As a precautionary measure, streptomycin is added to the semen from bulls held at artificial

These include blackleg disease, malignant edema, black disease, enterotoxemia, and redwater disease. All these diseases are common. The organisms form spores that can live for long periods in hostile environments and kill cattle quickly, giving little chance of treatment. Clostridial organisms are mostly normal flora of cattle and become only a problem with food stress, injury, management changes, parasitism, or other unusual conditions that create a favorable growth environment and produce strong toxins. While some diseases rarely occur, most of them occur sporadically in herds. Clostridium disease has generally very poor prognosis, and the first sign of the disease may be death. Because treatment success is rare, proper

Vaccines are widely used in the dairy industry and can be an effective way to reduce losses due to these bacteria. Single vaccination with most clostridial vaccines does not provide adequate levels of protection and should be followed with a booster dose within 3–6 weeks after the first one. Vaccination of calves gives protective immunity for 1–2 months, so the adequate immunization for calves is obtained through vaccination of the pregnant cows, so that maximum immunity and protection are transferred to the calves in the colostrums. Inactivated vaccines, including 2–8 of clostridium types, should be taken at the age of susceptibility to

Livestock diseases cost farmers millions of pounds a year. In addition to deaths,

loss of production and loss of animal wealth often(succumbed). Unsolicited animals require more food and take longer to grow than health stocks. The good animal health program calls for full operation between owner and veterinarians. Farmers must also know that many of the diseases that live in stocks go from animal to animal to human. Animals usually acquire diseases either by (1) contact with diseased animals or (2) improper sanitation, nutrition, care, and

Protecting the health of animals by restricting purchases to healthy flocks through appropriate quarantine when bringing in new animals through the use of sound sanitation, management, and nutrition principles and using appropriate and reliable vaccines and vaccines for disease prevention is an economic way to avoid disease losses. Prevention of diseases is better and more economical than rushing to

1. *reducing or eliminating the source or reservoir of infection*: (isolation, quarantine, and therapy for elimination of bacterial infections via antibiotics and destruction of an animal reservoir of infection via laboratory tests, environmental

2.*breaking the connection between the source of the infection and susceptible animals*

3. *reducing the number of susceptible animals* by mass immunization.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83635*

emphasis is placed on preventive measures [1–3].

provide maximum and efficient protection.

There are three kinds of control measures [1]:

insemination centers.

**5.4 Clostridial diseases**

*Introductory Chapter: Bacterial Cattle Diseases - Economic Impact and Their Control DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83635*

entering the herd. Herds of acute leptospiroses infection should be under a comprehensive antibiotic treatment to reduce the risk of infection and immunization. Herds in an endemic regions should be vaccinated annually. Replacement heifers should have completed their vaccination course before first service. As a precautionary measure, streptomycin is added to the semen from bulls held at artificial insemination centers.
