**5. Control of bacterial respiratory affections**

The pathological mechanism includes environmental and management pressures and perhaps an initial viral infection followed by secondary bacterial infection in the lower respiratory tract. Stress results from environmental and husbandry factors, including inadequate ventilation, mixing with the addition of calves to a specific group, overcrowding, and feeding practices such as poor quality milk replacer. Failure of the negative transmission of mother immunity (maternal antibodies) is a critical factor for the appearance and induction of the disease [7].

*Mycoplasma mycoides*, *Pasteurella multocida*, *Mannheimia haemolytica*, *and Mycoplasma bovis* are the most causes *of bacterial respiratory affections*. The risk and degree of pneumonia can be ameliorated by good managemental practices, adequate housing, and adequate ventilation, good breeding, and good nursing care. Control starts by immunization of mothers (vaccinating cows) against certain respiratory pathogens at 3–4 weeks before calving to produce good quality of the antibodies in colostrums. Newly born calves should receive good quality of colostrums of 8–10% body weights in the first 6 hours after parturition. Newborn calves should be individually placed in adequate houses and consumed whole milk or high-quality milk substitutes with a fiber content less than 0.25% for a period of 8–12 weeks of age.

Prophylactic measures should be taken such as:

	- a. reduce morbidity;
	- b.improve gain; and
	- c. add medicaments in ration or drinking water that have limited value because oral antibiotics are poorly absorbed in ruminants.

### **5.1 Bovine brucellosis**

*Bovine brucellosis*, caused by *Brucella abortus* bacteria, is an economically important cause of abortion in cows. Abortion also affects other species, including bison, buffalo, and elk; some species are host maintenance for this organism. Infection in the wild animals can hinder efforts to eradicate the disease in bovine. In the same time, *B. abortus* transmitted to humans (zoonotic disease). In humans, brucellosis

*Bacterial Cattle Diseases*

antigens [1, 3].

**4.2 Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia**

1.Isolates from Europe

2.Isolates from Africa

**4.3** *Mannheimia haemolytica*

with chronic pneumonia.

**4.4** *Trueperella pyogenes*

tal reinfection.

**4.6** *Mycoplasma pneumoniae*

infected with *Mycoplasma bovis*.

introducing *Mycoplasma bovis*.

**4.5 Chronic suppurative pulmonary disease**

small ruminants.

family. It can be categorized into two major lineages [1–3]:

main culprits. A:1 and A:3 have been associated with a condition similar to HS in cattle and buffaloes in India with pneumonia in the first place leading to death. The letter refers to the antigen of the wallet and indicates the number of physical

Caused by *Mycoplasma mycoides* subsp. *Mycoides* (the bovine biotype). *Mycoplasma mycoides* are a small colony type, belonging to the *Mycoplasmataceae*

Other strains of *M. mycoides* were retrieved from other animal species (goats or sheep). The other strains are similar antigenically to bovine strains; they do not appear to be pathogenic to cattle, but they may cause diseases other than CBPP in

Serotype 1 of *Mannheimia haemolytica* is the common isolated bacteria of the cow's respiratory tract with BRD. *Pasteurella multocida* is also an important reason of pneumonia. *Histophilus somni* is constantly recognized as an important pathogen in bacterial respiratory disease (BRD). These bacteria are normal inhabitants of the nasal pharynx of cattle. When pulmonary abscess occurs, it is generally associated

*Trueperella pyogenes* is frequently isolated in bacterial respiratory disease (BRD).

Chronic lung suppurative disease develops due to unsuccessful treatment or incomplete recovery from previous lung attacks. The outbreak of bacterial infection in the lungs is often associated with a stressful event such as transport, sale, or the most common. Salmonellosis, especially *Salmonella* infection (*Salmonella Dublin* infection), and Johne's disease are other examples of postna-

*Mycoplasma bovis* is one of the emerging causes of respiratory diseases and arthritis in cows and in dairy calves and fattening calves. Experimental infection usually leads to a lack of access to mild signs of respiratory disease, but malignant

1.The greatest risk is the purchase of cattle or calves, clinically or subclinically

2.Maintaining a completely closed herd policy is the best way to reduce the risk of

strains that cause severe lung disease have been identified in calves [5].

**6**

causes debilitating and sometimes chronic disease that affects different organs. Many cases are the result from the contact with infected animals but also occur from ingestion of contaminated food [5, 8].

In low-prevalence conditions, control of *bovine brucellosis* (BB) can be achieved by combining test and slaughter programs with stringent biosecurity measures and removing of reactors. However, in high-incidence cases, immunization can help the control of outbreaks that reduce the rate of infection at both individual and herd levels.

Vaccination with RB51 permits a rapid reduction in the susceptible herds and flocks in an endemic regions, resulting in a rapid decline in the incidence of disease from occurring; this, combined with the frequent testing, permitted the control and eradication of the disease after 3–5 years.

A combination of strict biosecurity measures, strong diagnostic pressure, and vaccination program is able to reduce the spread of BB. The RB51 vaccination allows rapid reduction in vulnerable populations in a highly contagious environment, contributing to a rapid decline in individual infection; this, together with repeated testing, allowed control and eventual elimination after 3–5 years
