**Author details**

*Basic Principles and Practice in Surgery*

established so far [11].

surgical techniques.

surgery [15, 16].

**Conflict of interest**

No conflict of interest to declare.

benefits.

needs and on its peculiarities.

The use of ultrasound in surgery or so-called interventional ultrasound has started in the 1960s and has been of great interest since then, developed in various directions such as liver and pancreatic surgery and surgery of the biliary tract but also in cardiovascular surgery and neurosurgery [10]. Even if its importance in intraoperative guidance, accurate diagnosis, and decision-making has been demonstrated, no specific training programs in residency curriculum have been

Indocyanine green (ICG) absorbs near-infrared light and through this mechanism allows for an accurate identification of the vascularization of different organs and tissues [12]. First used in cardiology to measure cardiac output and in ophthalmology to study in detail retinal vessels, in laparoscopic surgery ICG was used as a mean to improve vision [13]. Fluorescence-image-guided surgery (FISG) has been used in sentinel lymph node identification, in neurosurgery, or for neuroendocrine tumor detection. Moreover, the use of ICG in surgery has been shown to intervene

Development of mentoring programs through the use of telemedicine could be of great interest in the future from several points of view. First, by addressing this method, the difficulty in providing health care to people from disadvantage areas that do not have access to specialized, healthcare institutions could be overcome [14]. Moreover, a highly specialized level of surgical act could be offered by surgeons with less experience in a particular field. Not least, telementoring could represent an important pylon of surgical training programs and development of

Through the identification of various biomarkers in cancer pathology, the concept of personalized medical and surgical treatment will be applied more and more in the future. Starting from this concept, patient treatment will need to be applied individually, depending on the molecular characteristics of the tumors. Surgical treatment will not represent a standardized procedure but one centered on patient

For personalized surgery, 3D systems and the virtual surgical planning are important tools whose applicability are to be tested in the future more and more. The main advantage of these procedures consists in their ability to reproduce, with high accuracy, and patient's anatomic characteristics and possible variants of a specific organ vasculature; this aspect allows improvement of the surgical procedure due to preoperative assessment of the surgical and technical plan to be applied [15]. So far, 3D systems and virtual surgical planning were mostly used in craniofacial

All in all, there is a tremendous progress in the field of general surgery from its beginnings to the present. Efforts should be made to apply and develop modern available techniques in order to constantly improve surgical outcome and patient

in establishing the demarcation limit for surgical resection [12].

**4**

Miana Gabriela Pop Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

\*Address all correspondence to: miana\_my@yahoo.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
