**2.3 Heritage buildings and monuments**

The International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) Venice Charter of 1964 adopted during the 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments made definite decisions on heritage. During the congress it was advocated that heritage should maintain buildings and monuments to ensure social usefulness, within original scale and historical setting [27, 28]. Furthermore, ICOMOS Charter of 2003, at Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe, argued that structures of architectural heritage lay confronts for restorative finding in terms of nature and history suitable for the cultural context. During the 14th general assembly at Zimbabwe in 2003, they also establish the principles that cover general criteria, research, diagnosis, remedial measures and controls. Specifically, the principles' general criteria cover conservation, reinforcement and restoration; others are value and authenticity, integrity, functional changes, peculiarity of heritage structure and the underlining concept of no action to be taken until benefits can be ascertained proactively. EngleHardt [25] argued that built heritage provides the physical space for the nonphysical expressions of culture and constitutes one of the most varied, complex and eloquent manifestations of tangible cultural heritage. Here then is the essence of this particular study towards conserving Kaduna colonial heritage features with specific emphasis on its buildings and monuments.

## **2.4 Heritage values and deterioration**

 For any heritage to be conserved for control or minimised decay or deterioration, there is the need to establish its value to the community or society at large. Morgan et al. [29] opined that value is in general the same as meaning or in valuation, meaning confirmed and enhanced with emphasis. Value is here considered as the result of brain conversion of direct experience (immediate perception) into meaning and actionable truth (a secondary judgement or conception). The Allen Consulting Group [30] contended that historic heritage features in Australia are priceless in terms of their value. It is here believed that there is value creation for architectural designs and literature through heritage conservation. This was further elaborated by [31] as they considered heritage value as mainly based on use state rather than the exchange rate. Heritage value in this context has to do with historical, architectural, political, sociocultural, technological and economic value of the heritage features within Kaduna metropolis.

Building deterioration on the other hand has to do with its material component or finishes that do not meet its initially acceptable performance criterion. Mydin et al. [12] stated that often buildings suffer from defects that range from cracks, water penetration or human activity-based deterioration. Factors considered as responsible for deterioration of heritage buildings are broadly classified as natural (environmental) and man-made (social) [9, 12, 32]. It is these key issues that underlay the concern of this paper and have been articulated for enhanced perception and applicability.

## **3. Research methodology**

The study heritage features are mainly along Ali Akilu way through Ahmadu Bello way to Junction road as well as Independence way linking back to Junction road. The choice of these areas/routes was due to their historical place as the core segment of the town during colonial era. These routes also harbour virtually all the colonial administrative features of the 1900 to 1960 period in Kaduna metropolis. Stratified purposive sampling of building heritage and monuments within Kaduna metropolis was made. With the aid of convenience sampling method, a sample design of selected heritage and allied professionals was made [33]. A total of eighty (80) questionnaires were administered to various respondents in the built environment and experts in heritage and conservation within Kaduna metropolis. Fifty (50) of the questionnaires were duly filled and returned with the help of four research assistants, while three (3) were returned but not duly filled thus were considered invalid. This will aid in ascertaining the respondent perception in respect to value, deterioration and suitable sustainable conservation.

 Feedback on the questionnaire was provided on its appropriateness as well as information presented (face and content validity test) to ascertain whether the main issues were effectively communicated [34]. The questionnaire instrument employed used internal consistency reliability to assess the results across the different items [35]. The instrument was shown to have value range of 0.788 for deterioration, 0.876 for sustainable conservation options and 0.903 for heritage value using Cronbach's alpha reliability test. Therefore, since the Cronbach's alpha values are all greater than 0.7, it shows that the instrument is reliable for obtaining information from respondents [24, 36].

 For this study reflective influence index (RII) tool was used to analyse objectives as in Somiah, Osei-Poku and Aidoo (2015). Below is the formula for the various analyses as utilised for this particular data set collated from respondents:

$$RII = \frac{\mathbf{1}n\_1 + \mathbf{2}n\_2 + \mathbf{3}n\_3 + \mathbf{4}n\_4 + \mathbf{5}n\_5}{\mathbf{5}(n\_5 + n\_4 + n\_3 + n\_2 + n)} \times \frac{\mathbf{100}}{\mathbf{1}}$$

where RII (%) is the relative importance index of each factor, while n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 are the numbers of observed frequency. According to the research instrument, '1' represents highly insignificant value (HIV); '2' represents insignificant value (IV); '3' represents moderately significant value (MSV); '4' represents significant value (SV); and '5' represents highly significant value (HSV).

### **4. Results and analysis**

The colonial administration core buildings identified and used in this study are Hassan Katsina (State) House, Lugard Hall building, Lord Lugard Residence/Water Tower, Secretariat Complex and Magajin Gari. The monuments on the other hand are the Northern Entrance City Obelisk, Kaduna Railway Junction Steel Bridge and the Lord Lugard Bridge.

#### **4.1 Selected heritage buildings and monuments in Kaduna metropolis**

Below is the description of these heritage buildings and monuments stating their basic features with pictorial illustrations.

 **Hassan Katsina State House Complex**, along Kawo way, was an administrative office building used since the colonial period and currently serves as the office of His Excellency the Deputy Governor of Kaduna state. The feature within the

*Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable Conservation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85759* 

#### **Figure 1.**  *Hassan Katsina State House with banquet hall at the background.*

complex as you enter the main gate is the banquet hall that serves as the state for major occasions (**Figure 1**). Its design is an integration of the traditional Hausa Architecture and utilisation of colonial-styled materials and skill craftsmanship for its design and construction.

 **Kaduna Commemorative Entrance Obelisk** is mainly made up of well-carved stoneworks at the Northern entrance of the city just by the entrance of the old Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA). It was erected to commemorate the visit of Her Royal Majesty Queen Elizabeth and His Highness the Duke of Edinburgh to Kaduna in February, 1956 (**Figure 2**). Recently it was demolished and relocated to allow for the expansion of the major road artery to the town from the northern axis from 4 to 6 lanes. The initial concept was maintained, and the old stones were also utilised with additional stoneworks crafted in similar fashion as those of the initial commemorative entrance monument.

**Lord Lugard Hall** is one of the major symbols of the great history of Kaduna town from colonial times to post independence. It served as the house of chiefs and later translated to the present Kaduna State legislators House of Assembly (**Figure 3a**  and **b**). It is strategically located just off Ali Akilu road along the old Coronation road presently Independence way that lings to the State Secretariat Complex.

 **Lord Lugard Residence/Water Tower** is located off Coronation Avenue present day Independence way just adjacent the Lugard Hall; it is currently vandalised and laid bare on the pretence of government rehabilitating the historic residence. The house is a duplex situated on an expand of land that has been subject to several litigation towards being excised (**Figure 4a** and **b**). The last administration in the state gave out the contract for the rehabilitation of the Lugard residence; unfortunately it became a pretext for vandalised very antique materials available in the building. This was more serious with respect to doors and windows including ceilings and the roof structure/lining. Recently, the current government has commissioned another set of consultants to produce a proposal towards restoration and adaptation for museum with prospect as a major tourist feature for the town. Just beside the residence is the Water Tower that is used to serve the Lugard complex and often used as a watch tower during the early days of Kaduna city development shown in **Figure 4c**.

**Figure 2.**  *Kaduna Entrance Obelisk at old NDA Junction around Federal Court of Appeal.* 

**Figure 3.** 

*(a) Lugard Hall currently serving as Kaduna State legislative House of Assembly and (b) Lugard Hall entrance gate.* 

 **State Secretariat Complex** along the Independence way is a collection of very interesting and unique colonial heritage buildings that housed the Civil Service Ministries then and now. The ministries currently being housed include Education, Economic Planning and Finance (**Figure 5a** and **b**). **Figure 6** is showing the ministry of Justice and Ministry of Water Resources. Across the road directly opposite these ministerial complexes are two other ministries. They are the Ministry of Health and Women Affairs in **Figure 7a** and **b**. Most of the buildings have undergone some form of renovation, particularly the replacement of roofing structure and linings. The main building structure is still intact and wonderfully preserved in its initially built form.

**The Magajin Gari Complex** is made up of the Local Government Secretariat and the Sharia courts (**Figure 8a** and **b**). It was formally the centre for the Northern Nigeria Native Authority administration. The architecture is distinctively made up

*Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable Conservation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85759* 

#### **Figure 4.**

*(a and b) Lord Frederick Lugard residence as you approach and the roof trusses showing well-seasoned timber bolted and secured for about a century. (c) Lord Frederick Lugard residence Water Tower often used as a watch tower during early days of Kaduna township development.* 

**Figure 5.** 

*(a) Ministry of Education at the background and the Ministry of Economic Planning and Finance at the foreground and (b) the stairs being renovated at the Education section.* 

of traditional Hausa form, domes, arches, decorative motifs and varied pinnacles (Zankwaye). These pinnacles were an extension of the parapet walls in a traditional building and are basically symbolic manifestation of aesthetic elegance in traditional architecture. These became so because they have lost their initial function as stake around which master builders dangle rope ladder for climbing roof or plastering of building facades.

 **Lugard Bridge** is a very important steel bridge historical monument that was first constructed in 1904 at Zungeru but brought into Kaduna when the colonial master relocated the Northern protectorate headquarters to Kaduna (**Figure 9a** and **b**). It is

#### **Figure 6.**

*(a) Corridor along the Ministry of Water Resources and (b) Ministries of Justice at the background and Water Resources at the foreground in need of renovation.* 

**Figure 7.** 

*(a) Kaduna state Ministry of Health and Human Resource building and (b) Kaduna State Ministry of Women Affairs building at the foreground.* 

#### **Figure 8.**

 *(a) The Kaduna North Local Government Area building and (b) Shariah Court of Appeal as part of Magajin Gari Native Authority Administrative building.* 

presently sited at the old Kaduna Garden now Hassan Katsina Park. Was re-erected in 1954 and has been there since then along the swimming pool road beside the old shooting range.

**Kaduna Railway Junction Steel Bridge**, over river Kaduna, is linking the two parts of Kaduna metropolis (North and South). It is quite a unique view of excellent steel works on concrete columns running parallel to the main arterial road linking

*Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable Conservation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85759* 

#### **Figure 9.**

*(a) Lord Lugard Bridge at Gamji Gate showing the steel frame across one of the streams to river Kaduna and (b) bridge showing the timber planks serving for foot passage.* 

#### **Figure 10.**

*(a) Railway line bridge across river Kaduna and (b) intricate steel works carrying the rail line across river Kaduna.* 

the two parts of the city made up of concrete bridge as you journey daily from one end of town to the other (**Figure 10a** and **b**).

#### **4.2 Analysis of heritage value significance in Kaduna Metropolis**

 **Table 2** displays RII values of Kaduna heritage building and monument value significance; it was suggested that heritage buildings were ranked the first with significant influence on the heritage value, followed by heritage monuments. Similarly, historical factors were ranked the highest variable under heritage building and monument categorisation, being critical variable that influence the heritage value of heritage building and monuments and economic factors as being the least significantly valued by respondents.

#### **4.3 Analysis of agents that cause building and monument deterioration**

**Table 3** revealed that government neglect being ranked the highest is considered the most significant agent that causes building and monument deterioration, followed by tear and wear of building and monument deterioration; then lack of public awareness; vandalism; chemical, thermal, biological and condensational activities; and mechanical and electromagnetic solar effects. The least agents that significantly influence the deterioration of buildings and monuments are considered as electromagnetic solar action.

#### *Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within Sustainability*


*Note: highly insignificant value, HIV (1); insignificant value, IV (2); moderately significant value, MSV (3); significant value, SV (4); and highly significant value, HSV (5).* 

#### **Table 2.**

*RII of Kaduna heritage building and monument value significance.* 


*Note: highly insignificant, HI (1); insignificant, I (2); moderately significant, MS (3); significant, S (4); and highly significant, HS (5).* 

#### **Table 3.**

*RII of agents that causes building and monument deterioration.* 

## **4.4 Options for sustainable conservation that engender heritage buildings and monuments**

**Table 4** depicts the RII values of options for conservation that engender heritage buildings and monuments in Kaduna state. It is determined that heritage building ranked first in significantly influencing the conservation works, followed by heritage monuments. Renovation was ranked the highest variable under heritage building as critical variable that influence the conservation works of heritage.


*Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable Conservation… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85759* 

*Note: highly insignificant, HI (1); insignificant, I (2); moderately significant, MS (3); significant, S (4); and highly significant, HS (5).* 

#### **Table 4.**

*Options for conservation works of heritage buildings and monuments.* 

Preservation (maintain fabric) is ranked highest variable for heritage monuments, being a critical factor that influenced the conservation works based on established value and deterioration effect on heritage monuments. Reconstruction and adaptation (change in function) for buildings and monuments, respectively, were considered the least options for heritage conservations of English colonial buildings in Kaduna metropolis.
