3.2 Cases of historic buildings with incompatible new additions

At this part, two cases—Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Mosque and Kursunlu Mosque—are selected with exterior additions, exemplifying standard and contrasting design approaches. Original and present-day function of both cases is a mosque.

## 3.2.1 Hacı Bayram-ı Veli mosque

The building was constructed in 1427/1428 [26]. It is located in historic Ulus district, attached to August Temple of Roman period on the east side. Main prayer space has a rectangular plan, covered with a flat wooden ceiling, above which is a hipped roof with tile covering. Main body walls were built with brick material. On the south side of the mosque, there is Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Tomb, which has a square plan covered with a dome above [58]. The mosque undertook comprehensive repair works between 1703–1730 and 1757–1774, later in nineteenth century, in 1941, and in 1970 [26, 56, 58–60]. Especially during the last 80 years, the mosque was enlarged with new exterior additions, causing severe lost in its architectural and historic entity [58]. Late comers' portico on the north side of the mosque was enlarged, and a riwaq was added on the north, east, and west sides. Also, a basement floor was added for women's praying and for wet spaces. The first addition was conducted on the west side of the mosque with a vaulted gateway beneath, in early eighteenth century repairs [56]. Later, in 1941, late comers' portico was enlarged with a concrete addition covered with tile material [56]. It took its present-day appearance during its latest restorations completed in 2011 (Figures 14 and 15). At present, the front addition on the north side, together with its side riwaqs, is nearly larger than the original façade of the building. Though the old and new are at the same height, have similar material, and color, because of the location and massing of the new additions, the original building is suppressed by the new and cannot be perceived from the north side. Similarly with the basement addition, the square area

#### Figure 14.

Hacı Bayram-ı Veli mosque new exterior additions on the north side ((a) view from the north, (b) view from the east, and (c) view from the west) and views from the basement addition (d, e, and f) [39].

New Additions to Existing Built Heritage and Their Contributions to Sustainable… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82734

Figure 15.

Ground floor plan drawing of Hacı Bayram-ı Veli mosque with new additions shown in different colors (source: Rearranged from [56]).

Figure 16. Exterior (a and b) and interior (c) views of front addition [39].

of the building was enlarged 2.5 times larger than the original size of the mosque itself [58]. Hence, in Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Mosque, exterior additions were applied with standard approach in the form of front and side additions, and basement addition exhibits the contrasting approach. They are all incompatible with the old building according to the international standards. On the other hand, regarding the interior alterations, providing access to the wet spaces and women's prayer space by means of a newly added escalator exemplifies the social responsibility role of new designs, taking into consideration of physically disabled and handicapped.

### 3.2.2 Kursunlu mosque

It is located in Ulus district, Samanpazarı area. Though the mosque does not have an inscription panel, it is dated to the sixteenth century [26, 55, 59]. It has a square main prayer area covered with a dome. Main body walls were built with alternating rows of stone and brick, and window arches and minaret were built with brick material. There is a minaret on the northeast side of the main prayer hall. The minaret was rebuilt after the earthquake in 1921 [26, 59]. The mosque was restored in 1914 and in 1990, and its late comers' portico on the north side was replaced with concrete two-story addition in 1972 repairs [28, 56] (Figures 16 and 17). Today, this front side addition is used for women's prayer area and for religious education of the children, but the original function of the main building is still continued. Its basement floor is allocated for wet spaces and water depot. The material used for the new addition—concrete columns and beams—is incompatible with the original building and also incompatible in terms of historic preservation rules. In addition, neither its massing and location nor its material is size respectful to the old building,

Figure 17.

Front addition in Kursunlu mosque located on the north side of the historic building (source: Rearranged from [56]).

and in that, the perception of old building is blocked from its north façade. Although, international guidelines suggest the control of mass, proportion, volume, material, color, and placing of new additions, in Kursunlu Mosque, and none of these criteria are observable.

## 3.3 Evaluation of case studies in terms of their new additions and their compatibility with the international preservation guidelines

As Torres (p. 6) states, in order to better evaluate the cohesiveness between historic buildings and their new additions, first, one has to clarify the methods of evaluation [6]. In order to establish an evaluation criteria and analysis method of compatibility of new additions, in their research, Yüceer and İpekoğlu (pp. 419–425) determined the architectural characteristics including "environment and setting, the site, the mass, and the facade order", and values of historic building before and after its new additions [9]. Mısırlısoy's (pp. 207–214) evaluation method, on the other hand, is based on the international guidelines [10]. Similarly, in this research, Mısırlısoy's (p. 213) evaluation chart has been developed more, and the five case studies of this research have been evaluated in terms of the type, approach, and compatibility of their new additions with the international conservation charters, standards, and guidelines on new additions to historic buildings that have been outlined in part two of this chapter. In this study, according to those international guidelines, total 11 subtitles have been determined as shown in Table 1. Then, the case studies have been assessed whether their contemporary additions meet or avoid a full level of cohesiveness with the old building according to those subtitles. In addition to the determination of evaluation criterion based on the international guidelines, archival and historical research, as well as field surveys constituted the other research methods. Among the five case studies, Çengel Khan, Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Mosque, and Kursunlu Mosque have front additions; Çengel Khan, Çukur Khan, and Zağfiran Khan have rooftop additions; Çengel Khan and Çukur Khan also have storefront additions; Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Mosque and Zağfiran Khan have side additions; Çengel Khan has a rear, and Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Mosque has a basement addition. Although in Çengel Khan, four different types of new additions—front, rear, rooftop, and storefront—are observable, in Kursunlu Mosque, only the front addition was applied (Table 1). In all cases, either the standard or contrasting design approaches were used, or for the compatible contrasting cases, new and modern materials such as steel and glass were incorporated. Regarding the cases which have rear, front, or side additions, the new attachments either maintain the same

### New Additions to Existing Built Heritage and Their Contributions to Sustainable… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82734


#### Table 1.

An evaluation of case studies in terms of their new additions and their compatibility with the international preservation standards, charters, and guidelines.

height or less than the original building height, and general forms of the additions are rectangular cubes.

When evaluated according to the subtitles determined in Table 1, in terms of international standards, new additions in Çengel Khan and Çukur a Khan are the most compatible cases, and Zağfiran Khan similarly exemplifies a compatible case with their respectful design approaches both with the old building and with the neighborhood as well. On the other hand, Kursunlu Mosque and Hacı Bayram-ı Veli Mosque fulfill only two or three steps among the 11 subtitles, and thus have been categorized as incompatible cases. Their huge front additions, neither respect to the massing nor to the scale and proportion of the old building, at the same time

dominate the historic fabric. In Kursunlu Mosque, the concrete attachment on the north side is also incompatible in terms of material selection.
