**4.1 Child's sex**

The likelihood of being stunted and underweight was lower for girls than for boys; a finding consistent with .(Klasen 1996; Lavy, Strauss et al. 1996; Svedberg 1996; Gibson 2001; Kandala 2001; Borooah 2002; S.B 2003); on the other hand, Gibson (2001) did not find any significant gender difference between the *height-for-age* and the *weight-for-age* in Papua, New Guinea.

### **4.2 Malnutrition among residences**

Although, rural living was expected to have many problems, such as, poor health, use of unprotected water supplies, lack of charcoal as fuel, lack of milk consumption, and lack of personal hygiene (which assumed to be the risk factors of nutritional status), the results indicate that the place of residence is not associated with significant effects on wasting, underweight, and for stunting. This is consistent with some studies, but not with others: Adebayo (2003) found that where the mother lives (rural/urban) has no statistical significance for child's *weight-for-height*, and a similar impact of where the mother lives, as in *height-for-age*, is observed in *weight-for-age*, though Kandala found that urban areas have a statistical significance for a child's *height-for-age* in Tanzania and Malawi (Lavy, Strauss et al. 1996; Gibson 2001; Borooah 2002)
