**8. References**

AAP (2009). American Academy of Pediatrics Red Book.


Malaria Chemoprophylaxis for the International Traveler, Current Options and Future Possibilities 153

Leder, K., J. Black, et al. (2004). "Malaria in Travelers: A Review of the GeoSentinel

Lell, B., J. F. Faucher, et al. (2000). "Malaria chemoprophylaxis with tafenoquine: a

Lell, B., D. Luckner, et al. (1998). "Randomised placebo-controlled study of atovaquone plus proguanil for malaria prophylaxis in children." Lancet 351(9104): 709-713. Ling, J., J. K. Baird, et al. (2002). "Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of

McGready, R., E. A. Ashley, et al. (2004). "Malaria and the pregnant traveller." Travel Med

McKeage, K. and L. Scott (2003). "Atovaquone/proguanil: a review of its use for the prophylaxis of Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Drugs 63(6): 597-623. MMV. (2011). "MMV Interactive Science Portfolio: Tafenoquine." Retrieved July 5th, 2011, 2011, from www.mmv.org/research-development/science-portfolio. Nasveld, P. E., M. D. Edstein, et al. (2010). "Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Safety,

Ohrt, C., T. L. Richie, et al. (1997). "Mefloquine compared with doxycycline for the

Overbosch, D., H. Schilthuis, et al. (2001). "Atovaquone-proguanil versus mefloquine for

Phillips-Howard, P. A., B. L. Nahlen, et al. (2003). "The efficacy of permethrin-treated bed

Schlagenhauf, P., A. Tschopp, et al. (2003). "Tolerability of malaria chemoprophylaxis in

Schwartz, E. and G. Regev-Yochay (1999). "Primaquine as prophylaxis for malaria for

Shanks, G. D., D. M. Gordon, et al. (1998). "Efficacy and safety of atovaquone/proguanil as

Shanks, G. D., K. C. Kain, et al. (2001). "Malaria chemoprophylaxis in the age of drug

Shanks, G. D., A. J. Oloo, et al. (2001). "A New Primaquine Analogue, Tafenoquine (WR

placebo-controlled trial." Ann Intern Med 126(12): 963-972.

blind study." Clin Infect Dis 33(7): 1015-1021.

blind, four arm study." BMJ 327(7423): 1078.

Dis 29(6): 1502-1506.

494-499.

1968-1974.

385.

Medicine and Hygiene 81(2): 356-362.

35(7): 825-833.

798.

Infect Dis 2(3-4): 127-142.

randomised study." Lancet 355: 2041-2045.

Surveillance Network." Clin Infect Dis 39: 1104-1112.

versus Placebo for 6 Months in Healthy Volunteers." American Journal of Tropical

atovaquone/proguanil for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum or Plasmodium vivax malaria among migrants to Papua, Indonesia." Clin Infect Dis

Tolerability, and Efficacy of Tafenoquine versus Mefloquine for Malaria Prophylaxis in Nonimmune Subjects." Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54(2): 792-

prophylaxis of malaria in Indonesian soldiers. A randomized, double-blind,

malaria prophylaxis in nonimmune travelers: results from a randomized, double-

nets on child mortality and morbidity in western Kenya I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site." Am J Trop Med Hyg 68(4 Suppl): 3-9.

non-immune travellers to sub-Saharan Africa: multicentre, randomised, double

nonimmune travelers: A comparison with mefloquine and doxycycline." Clin Infect

suppressive prophylaxis for Plasmodium falciparum malaria." Clin Infect Dis 27(3):

resistance. II. Drugs that may be available in the future." Clin Infect Dis 33(3): 381-

238605), for Prophylaxis against *Plasmodium falciparum* Malaria." Clin Infect Dis 33:


http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyNewsletter/ucm120613.htm.


Cooper, R. D., W. K. Milhous, et al. (1994). "The efficacy of WR238605 against the blood

Crockett, M. and K. C. Kain (2007). "Tafenoquine: a promising new antimalarial agent."

Croft, A. M. and P. Garner (2000). "Mefloquine for preventing malaria in non-immune adult

Croft, A. M. and P. Garner (2008). "WITHDRAWN: Mefloquine for preventing malaria in non-immune adult travellers." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1): CD000138. Davis, T. M., D. A. Syed, et al. (2003). "Toxicity related to chloroquine treatment of resistant

Dow, G. S., A. J. Magill, et al. (2008). "Clinical development of new prophylactic antimalarial

FDA. (2008). "Postmarketing Reviews - Volume 1, Number 4, Summer 2008." Retrieved

Fradin, M. S. and J. F. Day (2002). "Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against

Freedman, D. O. (2008). "Clinical practice. Malaria prevention in short-term travelers." N

Fryauff, D. J., J. K. Baird, et al. (1995). "Randomised placebo-controlled trial of primaquine for prophylaxis of falciparum and vivax malaria." Lancet 346(8984): 1190-1193. Govere, J., D. N. Durrheim, et al. (2000). "Efficacy of three insect repellents against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis." Med Vet Entomol 14(4): 441-444. Hill, D. R., J. K. Baird, et al. (2006). "Primaquine: report from CDC expert meeting on malaria

Hogh, B., P. D. Clarke, et al. (2000). "Atovaquone-proguanil versus chloroquine-proguanil

study. Malarone International Study Team." Lancet 356(9245): 1888-1894. Jacquerioz, F. A. and A. M. Croft (2009). "Drugs for preventing malaria in travellers."

Kain, K. C., G. D. Shanks, et al. (2001). "Malaria chemoprophylaxis in the age of drug

Keiser, J., B. H. Singer, et al. (2005). "Reducing the burden of malaria in different eco-

Koren, G., D. Matsui, et al. (2003). "DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women." CMAJ 169(3): 209-212. Korhonen, C., K. Peterson, et al. (2007). "Self-reported adverse events associated with

Leary, K. J., M. A. Riel, et al. (2009). "A Randomized, Double-Blind, Safety and Tolerability

for malaria prophylaxis in non-immune travellers: a randomised, double-blind

resistance. I. Currently recommended drug regimens." Clin Infect Dis 33(2): 226-

epidemiological settings with environmental management: a systematic review."

antimalarial chemoprophylaxis in peace corps volunteers." Am J Prev Med 33(3):

Study to Assess the Ophthalmic and Renal Effects of Tafenoquine 200mg Weekly

drugs after the 5th Amendment to the Declaration of Helsinki." Ther Clin Risk

http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/DrugSafetyNewsletter/ucm120613.htm.

Expert Opininion on Investigational Drugs 16(5): 705-715.

travellers." Cochrane Database Syst Rev(2): CD000138.

vivax malaria." Ann Pharmacother 37(4): 526-529.

mosquito bites." N Engl J Med 347(1): 13-18.

Cochrane Database Syst Rev(4): CD006491.

Lancet Infect Dis 5(11): 695-708.

chemoprophylaxis I." Am J Trop Med Hyg 75(3): 402-415.

Med Hyg 88(6): 691-692.

Manag 4(4): 803-819.

June 25th, 2011, from

234.

194-199.

Engl J Med 359(6): 603-612.

stages of a chloroquine resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax." Trans R Soc Trop

versus Placebo for 6 Months in Healthy Volunteers." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81(2): 356-362.


**11** 

*1UK* 

*2,3Côte d'Ivoire 4,5Switzerland* 

**Effects of Irrigated Rice Fields and Seasonality** 

The transmission of the parasites that cause human malaria is influenced by myriad environmental factors, including changes in agricultural practices, deforestation, and waterresources development and management (Ijumba and Lindsay, 2001; Ijumba et al., 2002; Keiser et al., 2005; Guerra et al., 2006), climatic factors such as rainfall, humidity and temperature (Reiter, 2008), and various cultural, economic, political and social factors, including health-seeking behaviour, urbanization, armed conflict and war (Esse et al., 2008; Baragatti et al., 2009). Drug resistance in the causative parasites and insecticide resistance in the mosquito vectors are also important factors that now influence malaria transmission (Reiter, 2008). Each year, in many parts of Africa, the local populations of anopheline mosquitoes build up rapidly and peak shortly after the onset of the rainy season (Mbogo et al., 1995). In two studies on the relationships between mosquito abundance, malaria transmission and rainfall in West Africa, 70%–90% of the children investigated were found infected with *Plasmodium spp*. after the rainy season (Bonnet et al., 2002; Koudou et al., 2009). It is particularly during and at the end of the rainy season that malaria becomes one of the leading causes of mortality and health-seeking at dispensaries and hospitals in this region (Rey et al., 1987). Not only season but also changing patterns of agriculture, particularly irrigated rice farming, influence malaria transmission in Africa (Ijumba & Lindsay, 2001;

Additionally, malaria transmission, *Plasmodium* prevalence rates, the proportion of presumptive and clinically-confirmed malaria episodes have been studied in two villages of central Côte d'Ivoire: one with irrigated rice farming (Zatta) and one without (Tiémélékro) (Koudou et al., 2009). Due to a farmers' conflict over land and socio-political issues, irrigated rice farming was interrupted in Zatta in 2003. The goal of this contribution to a book chapter is to evaluate the

relationship between *Plasmodium* transmission, seasonality and agriculture practices.

**1. Introduction** 

Diuk-Wasser et al., 2007; Sogoba et al., 2007).

**on** *Plasmodium* **Transmission in West Africa,** 

Benjamin G. Koudou1,2,3, Marcel Tanner4,5 and Juerg Utzinger4,5 *1Vector Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool* 

**Particularly in Central Côte d'Ivoire** 

*2Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques, Abidjan,* 

*4Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel,* 

*3University of Abobo-Adjame´, Abidjan,* 

*5University of Basel, Basel,* 

