Ute Inegbenebor

*Department of Physiology College of Medicine Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma Nigeria* 

#### **1. Introduction**

108 Current Topics in Tropical Medicine

Mousseon, L., Dauga, C., Garrigues, T., Schaffner, F., Vazeille, M. (2005).Phylogeography of

Nagao Y, Svasti P, Tawatsin A, Thavara U. (2007). Geographical structure of dengue

Rico-Hesse R, Harrison LM, Nisalak A, Vaughn DW, Kalayanarooj S, Green S, et al.

Rico-Hesse R, Harrison LM, Salas RA, Tovar D, Nisalak A, Ramos C, et al. Origins of

Riesenberg LA, Leitzsch J, Massucci JL, Jaeger J, Rosenfeld JC, Patow C, et al. Residents' and

Soundravally R, Hoti SL. Immunopathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock

Soundravally R, Hoti SL. Polymorphisms of the TAP 1 and 2 gene may influence clinical

Soundravally R, Hoti SL. Significance of transporter associated with antigen processing 2

Thu HM, Lowry K, Myint TT, Shwe TN, Han AM, Khin KK, et al. Myanmar dengue

Twidddy, S., Holmes, E. and Rambaut, A. (2003).Inferring the rate and time scale of dengue

Vaughn DW, Green S, Kalayanarooj S, Innis BL, Nimmannitya S, Suntayakorn S, et al.

Wang,E., Ni,H.,Xu,R., Barrett, A.,Watowich,S., GublerD., and Weaver,S. (2000)Evolutionary

Wittke V, Robb TE, Thu HM, Nisalak A, Nimmannitya S, Kalayanrooj S, et al. Extinction and

Zhang C, MammenJr MP, Chinnawirotpisan P, Klungthong C, Rodpradit P, Nisalak A, et al.

Zhou Y, MammenJr MP, Klungthong C, Chinnawirotpisan P, Vaughn DW, Nimmannitya S,

disease severity. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2000;181:2-9.

Vol. 86., pp. 1-11

(2008),pp.843- 851.

tropical medicine and hygiene. 1998;58(1):96.

Clinical Immunology. 2008;28(3):256-62.

virus evolution.Mol.Biol.Evol. Vol:20, pp.122-129

1. Virology. 1997;230(2):244-51.

Medicine. 2009;84(12):1775.

Infect Dis. 2004;10(4):593-7.

Virology. 2002;301(1):148-56.

General Virology. 2006;87(4):873.

Journal of General Virology. 2006;87(9):2595.

2007;68(12):973-9.

2008;67(6):618-25.

pp.3227-3234

Ades (Stegomyia) aegypti (L) and Ades (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera:Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations. Genet. Res. Camb.

transmission and its determinants in thailand. Epidemiol.Infec, Vol.136 ,

Molecular evolution of dengue type 2 virus in Thailand.The American journal of

Dengue Type 2 Viruses Associated with Increased Pathogenicity in the Americas\*

attending physicians' handoffs: a systematic review of the literature. Academic

syndrome: role of TAP and HPA gene polymorphism. Human immunology.

outcome of primary dengue viral infection. Scandinavian journal of immunology.

(TAP2) gene polymorphisms in susceptibility to dengue viral infection. Journal of

outbreak associated with displacement of serotypes 2, 3, and 4 by dengue 1. Emerg

Dengue viremia titer, antibody response pattern, and virus serotype correlate with

relationships of endemic/epidemic and sylvatic dengue viruses. J.Virol. Vol(74):

rapid emergence of strains of dengue 3 virus during an interepidemic period.

Structure and age of genetic diversity of dengue virus type 2 in Thailand. Journal of

et al. Comparative analysis reveals no consistent association between the secondary structure of the 3'-untranslated region of dengue viruses and disease syndrome. Lassa fever is a frequently underestimated but socially and economically devastating disease. Lassa fever first came into limelight in 1969, when two nuns died as a result of complications of a hemorrhagic fever in Lassa town in the Borno State of Nigeria. Since then it has become endemic in many parts of West Africa. Out breaks of Lassa fever are usually associated with high mortality rates as the cases usually present late to the hospitals. Besides, many doctors find it difficult to diagnose Lassa fever until complications have set in because of the similarity of presentation to other more common febrile illnesses such as malaria and typhoid. In a study carried out in Sierra Leone in 1987, Lassa fever was found to be responsible for 10-16% of admissions and 30% of deaths in a major referral center. In another study of adult medical admissions in a special center for the management of Lassa fever in Nigeria in 2008, Lassa fever was responsible for 7% of admissions and 13% of deaths with a case fatality rate of 28%. However, the enlightenment campaign for the prevention of Lassa fever and diagnostic facilities are either lacking or rudimentary in most countries where Lassa fever is endemic. Compared to HIV/AIDS, Lassa fever is more infectious to close associates and it rapidly kills in dozens. However, Lassa fever does not get the global attention it deserves.
