**5. Future perspectives**

412 Current Topics in Tropical Medicine

Fig. 4. A purposed scheme for PCR detection of *W. bancrofti* benzimidazole-susceptible

Expected amplicon size (bp)

Hypothetical nucleotide positions

(TTT)167(TAT) (TTC)200(TAC)

(TTC)200(TAC) S/Phe200

(TTC)200(TAC) S/Phe200

(TTC)200(TAC) S/Phe200

CGACAGC Reverse 19 et al (2010)

GTTGAGGTCG Reverse 22 et al (2010)

AGTTGTC Reverse 19 (2003)

AAGTTCAGCA Reverse 19 (2009)

5'modifications with additional recognition sequences: a*Bam*H I (GGATCC) and b*Eco*R I (GAATTC). c dRetrieved *Wuchereria bancrofti* genome accession nos.: AY705383 and GU19071824. eRetrieved *Brugia pahangi* genome accession nos.: M36380. f

Table 4. The *β-tubulin* isotype 1 gene-specific primers used in the PCR amplification of *W.* 

Retrieved *Wuchereria bancrofti* genome accession nos.: EF190199-190209, EF492870-492878.

Susceptible(S)/ resistant(R) genotypes investigated

> S/Phe167 S/Phe200

Reference

Bhumiratana

Bhumiratana

Hoti et al

Hoti et al

(bases)

isolates in human blood and mosquito.

(5' to 3') Direction Length

GCTACAGT Forward 20 607c

GATGTTGTG Forward 21 174d

GTGTTG Forward 18 475e

TGTTGG Forward 18 475f

Sequence

BT9 CAGGTACAGATT

BT12 GCGATTTAAACC

BT121a GGATCCGTATCA

BT122b GAATTCCAAGTG

Wt2F GTATCAGATGTT

Wt2R ACGACTTGAATG

TATCAGATGTTG

CTGTTGAG

*bancrofti* benzimidazole-susceptible isolates

Primer Name

Wbbt2 F

Wbbt2 R

> The GPELF has been deployed into the endemic countries implementing MDA 2-drug regimes (i.e., single annual doses of albendazole in combination with DEC or ivermectin) to reduce microfilaremia prevalence to levels low enough (principally lower than transmission threshold) to interrupt transmission of the disease in the absence of vector control. Based on scientific information on drug resistance to anthelmintics, the issue of albendazole resistance

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**24** 

**Lymphatic Filariasis Transmission and Control:** 

Lymphatic filariasis has an effect on almost 120 million individuals all over the world. The disease may cause a chronic morbidity if the persons who are infected are left untreated. It is endemic in many parts of tropical countries. To prevent worldwide parasite transmission, the World Health Organization initiated the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) by eliminating filarial parasites from their human hosts (Molyneux & Zagaria, 2002). Various GPELF implementations are done in many participating countries. In 2004 alone there were more than thirty countries have started elimination program and this number is still rising. Various degrees of success have emerged as a result of the implementation of this program. Although it was reported that in some places the program has interrupted the transmission, in many other places the program could not stop the transmission of the disease (WHO, 2005). It has been argued that strategic choices and operational or biological factors contribute to the success or failure of the program. In general, it is difficult to evaluate the success or the failure of a health program, especially in

A mathematical model provides useful tools for planning and evaluation of control program in disease elimination (Goodman, 1994). In our earlier work (Supriatna *et al.*, 2009) we develop a mathematical model for the transmission of Lymphatic Filariasis disease in Jati Sampurna, Indonesia. In Indonesia, the disease is already alarming. For example, the incidence of filariasis in Jati Sampurna (a district in the West Java province) is more than 1%. Within less than five years since the date of the publication confirming that Jati Sampurna is an endemic area, almost all regions nearby Jati Sampurna, and other relatively far distance areas are affected by the disease, and some of them are also categorized as endemic areas. Other cases of filarial prevalence are reported outside Java island, such as in Alor islands (the province of Nusa Tenggara Timur). On Alor islands, both *B. timori* and *W. bancrofti* are circulated, with a prevalence of up to 20% (Supali *et al.*, 2002). Indonesia joined the GPELF since 2001 and implemented administration of a single dose regimen of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) and albendazole in endemic areas (Krentel *et al.*, 2006). Our previous model tries to capture the effectiveness of this scenario in the attempt of controlling the spread of the

The model assumes that acute infected humans are infectious and treatment is given to a certain number of acute infected humans found from screening process. The screening is

disease, inspired by the transmission of the disease in Jati Sampurna.

**1. Introduction** 

the beginning of the program.

**A Mathematical Modelling Approach** 

Asep K. Supriatna and N. Anggriani

*Padjadjaran University* 

*Indonesia* 

concomitant geohelminths in Myanmar migrants in Southern Thailand. *J Med Assoc Thai* 89, 12371248.

