**Acknowledgements**

The study in this chapter was sponsored by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016M591044), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, 2014CB047006), the Research Plan of Shanxi Province Department of

Transportation in China (2016-1-7), and the Open Fund of Key Lab of Highway Construction and Maintenance Technology in Loess Region of Shanxi Transportation Research Institute (KLTLR-Y14-17). All the supports are gratefully acknowledged for generously funding this work. The author also thanks Prof. Yangping Yao, from Beihang University, China, for his generous support and assistance.

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