**2.2 Choice of technical route by taking Lurgi gasification which used anthracite as raw material**

In JAMG, the product of anthracite is primarily divided into two varieties, lump coal having particle size over 13 mm and slack coal having particle size below 13 mm [16]. Lump coal is widely used in ammonia synthesis and slightly used in civil combustion. In 2016, the sales of lump coal in coal chemistry were 1058 × 104 MT, which accounted for 80% of anthracite lump coal sales in JAMG. When new coal gasification technology has not been industrialized, anthracite lump coal was the high-quality raw material for chemical plant. For its scarcity and monopoly, anthracite lump coal had much higher price over other kinds of coal, which formed core competence for JAMG.

Since the beginning of twenty-first century, many types of gasification technology designed for other types of coal has gradually industrialized and matured, such as HT-L gasification technology, SE pulverized coal gasification technology, GSP gasification technology, shell gasification technology, opposed multi-burner coal water slurry gasification technology, and Texaco coal water slurry gasification technology. The monopolistic status of anthracite as raw material of chemical industry has been broken. Simultaneously, the gradual withdrawal of UGI furnace from chemical industry market has become a general trend and is difficult to reverse for its own technical defects. If we cannot expand new application fields, anthracite lump coal will face the market risk of falling volume and price.

*Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel*

waste water is also less [10–12].

industry, nonferrous metal industry, etc. [7–9].

industrial fuel gas [7, 8].

transformation and sustainable development. Production mode with characteristics of environment-friendly, supply-stable, and low cost is the development trend of

Natural gas, which is recognized as the cleanest fossil energy resource, has been

In China, the resource endowment is rich in coal and lack of oil and gas. It is a good way to make full use of abundant coal resources to produce industrial fuel gas. According to the movement state of coal and gasifier in the gasifier, coal gasification technology has three kinds: fixed bed gasification technology, fluidized bed gasification technology, and entrained bed gasification technology [10, 11].

Fixed bed gasification technology mainly includes intermittent atmospheric fixed bed (UGI), Lurgi, BGL, etc. Intermittent atmospheric fixed bed is being phased out worldwide because of its high pollution and energy consumption. Lurgi furnace is made of crushed (lump) coal as raw material. The content of effective gas (CO + H2) and methane is about 65 and 8–10%, respectively. It is suitable for producing industrial fuel gas. Compared with other kinds of coal, the tar, phenol, and ammonia produced from anthracite are less difficult to treat, and the amount of

The representative types of fluidized bed are high temperature Winkler gasification technology and ash fusion gasification technology of Shanxi Coal Chemical Institute. Because the technology has many problems, such as low effective component, high impurity (high carbon content, difficult separation), high activity of

At present, the entrained flow bed is the main choice for large-scale production. The representative furnace type is shell, space furnace (HT-L), Texaco, etc. Its characteristics are high reaction temperature (1500–2000°C) and high conversion efficiency. Its effective gas composition (CO + H2) is as high as 85–92%, while CH4 composition is very low or almost no, and its calorific value is relatively low, so it is

So, the application as an industrial fuel gas by taking Lurgi gasification, which used

anthracite as raw material can expand consumption field of anthracite, simultaneously, offers a sustainable alternative choice for industrial fuel gas industry [7, 8, 13].

Fuel gas mainly includes natural gas, biogas, liquid gas, coke-oven gas, blast furnace gas, producer gas, and so on, which is widely applied in glass processing industry, ceramics production, non-ferrous metal smelting and melting, steel rolling, refractory production, etc. The source of fuel gas is multifarious and specifica-

From the development of industrial fuel gas, many types of fuel were applied in industrial fuel gas, such as coal, electricity, heavy oil, coke oven gas, blast furnace tail gas, syngas, and natural gas. At present, the proportion of syngas (producer gas) is the largest. However, with the increasing pressure of environmental protection and publication of coal to natural gas policy, the proportion of producer gas

coal, and high ash melting point, it is seldom used in China [10, 11].

not suitable for the production of industrial fuel gas [10, 11, 13].

**2. Feasibility of producing industrial fuel gas from anthracite**

**2.1 Status of industrial fuel gas in China**

tion is complicated, but the market capacity is broad.

vigorously promoted by the government in industrial fuel gas field. But as the characteristics of resource endowment in China are "rich coal, lack of oil, and less gas," the supply of natural gas in industrial fuel gas field is far from enough. How to acquire other types of industrial fuel gas which can meet with the development trend has become the key issue for the sustainable development of glass industry, ceramics

**62**


## **Table 1.**

*Specifications of fuel gases produced by different production technologies and with different raw materials [14, 15].*

*Note: fuel gas derived from coal to syngas refers to crude syngas at the outlet of gasifier without any treatment.*

The 13th Five-Year Plan of JAMG pointed out: till 2020, JAMG will build a 100 million MT coal production base and anthracite raw coal output will reach 80 million MT per year. With the gradual operation of a series of integrated coal mines, the output of anthracite lump coal will increase year by year. The mismatch between continuously increasing output of anthracite lump coal and shrinking consumption of anthracite lump coal is becoming the main contradiction, which perplexes the development of JAMG. Actively exploiting application field of anthracite lump coal has become the key to solve the above contradiction. Application as industrial fuel gas by taking Lurgi gasification, which used anthracite as raw material positively, responds to the above proposition.

The long-term, stable operation of Jinshi and Tianqing projects proved the feasibility of Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material. Compared to other types of coal, Lurgi gasification by using Jincheng anthracite as raw material showed advantages including environmental protection, water consumption, effluent disposal, etc. By analyzing the characteristics of Lurgi gasification which used Jincheng anthracite as raw material, the choice of technical route was discussed and confirmed that the route of industrial gas, coal chemical products coupled with natural gas could exploit the advantage to the full.

**65**

steam/kNm3

**Table 2.**

*Analytic index of no. 15 anthracite.*

material was no. 15 anthracite.

syngas, 566 kg steam/kNm3

material has the following advantages:

other types of coal while transporting.

*Discussion on the Feasibility of Industrial Fuel Gas Prepared by Lurgi Gasification Which Used…*

*M***ar** *M***ad** *A***ad** *V***ad Cad Had Oad Nad St,ad (GRI)** 6.12 2.46 18.98 6.54 71.78 1.90 1.92 0.52 2.44 26.92 25.53 1 0

**(MJ/ kg)**

*Q***net,ad (MJ/ kg)**

*2.2.1 Operational aspect of Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material*

which equipped with four Lurgi gasifiers (three open, one standby). Lurgi gasifiers were Mark-IV type, which were designed by Saiding Engineering Co., Ltd. Gasifier's specification was Φ 4000 × 12,500 mm and operation pressure was 3.0 MPa. The

It was the first time in China to produce synthetic ammonium feed gas, which used Lurgi gasification technology with anthracite as designed raw material. The project started in March 2008 and implemented the whole process in May 2014. Through two-and-a-half-year operation, the feasibility of long-term and stable operation of Lurgi gasifier with anthracite as raw material was proved. When the ratio of steam to oxygen was 5.1, the components of crude syngas were shown as follows: CO 27.8%, H2 38.4%, CH4 7.5%, CO2 24.8%, O2 0.2%, and others 1.3% and

O2/kNm3

Based on the Jinshi project, JAMG founded Tianqing company in Qinyang city, Henan province and implemented a project that had ammonia production capacity of 30 × 104 MT and 500 million cubic meters of natural gas per year. The project equipped with six Lurgi gasifiers (five open, one standby). Lurgi gasifiers were Mark-IV type, which were designed by Saiding Engineering Co., Ltd. Gasifier's specification was Φ4000 mm × 13,000 mm, and operation pressure was 4.0 MPa.

Since coming into operation in November 2014, the project has achieved long-term and stable operation. When the ratio of steam to oxygen was 4.1, the components of crude syngas were shown as follows: CO 23.6%, H2 42.3%, CH4 8.3%, CO2 24.2%, and

others 1.6%, and feed consumption was as follows: 0.45 MT raw coal/kNm3

*2.2.2 Characteristics of Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material*

crude syngas, and 166 Nm3

On the basis of implementation of two above projects, JAMG set up a scientific and technical program which named "research and industrial demonstration of pressurized movable bed gasification technology for anthracite." The research and development mainly focused on gasifier structure, cooling process from chilling process to waste boiler process, and coal gas water treatment system. The program aimed to reduce project investment, reduce operation cost, improve energy efficiency, and enhance market competitiveness of Lurgi gasifier with anthracite as raw material.

Compared with other types of coal, Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw

1.Because of high hardness, crush ratio and value loss are lower than that of

crude syngas.

O2/kNm3

MT per year,

**Caking index** 

/h, and designed raw mate-

**Characteristics of char residue (CRC)**

crude syngas, 550 kg

/h, and designed raw

crude syngas.

crude

Jinshi project had a total ammonia production capacity of 30 × 104

designed dry syngas output of gasifier was 38,000 Nm3

**Industrial analysis (%) Element analysis (%)** *Q***gr,ad**

feed consumption was as follows: 0.53 MT raw coal/kNm3

The designed dry syngas output of gasifier was 42,000 Nm3

crude syngas, and 169 Nm3

rial was no. 15 anthracite (coal quality data are shown in **Table 2**).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85876*


#### **Table 2.**

*Sustainable Alternative Syngas Fuel*

**H2 (%)**

Blast furnace tail gas 1.5–3 25–30 0.2–

One-stage gasification

Two-stage gasification

Oxygen enrichment gasification

Lurgi gasification with anthracite as raw coal

Fluidized-bed gasification

Dry-pulverized gasification

Coal water slurry gasification

**CO (%)** **CH4 (%)**

Natural gas — — 97 1.5 0.5 8200–8700 Heavy oil — — — — — — — 10,000–11,000 kcal/

**C2 (%)**

**C3 (%)**

Beijing — — 1.5 1.0 13.5 80.2 3.8 10,800–12,000 kcal/ kg Daqing — — 1.3 0.2 22.4 61.7 12.6

Catalytic cracking 58.1 10.5 16.6 5 — — — 4500 Thermal cracking 31.5 2.7 28.5 26.4 5.7 — — 10,000

0.5

Coke oven gas 59.2 8.6 23.4 — — — — 4000–4500 Converter gas 2–3 60–70 — — — — — 2000–2200

7–10 23–27 1.5–3 — — — — 1250–1400

11–15 27–31 1.5–3 — — — — 1450–1600

30–35 30–35 1.5–2 — — — — 1600–1800

35–40 25–27 7.5–9.5 — — — — 2400–2600

39 29 — — — — — 1300–2000

19.9 66.3 — — — — — 2450–2650

35–36 44–51 — — — — — 2100–2400

**C4 (%)**

— — — — 800–950

**C5+ (%) Calorific value** 

**(kcal/Nm3 )**

kg

**Fuel gases derived from different sources**

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)

Gas from oil

Syngas from coal

**Table 1.**

The 13th Five-Year Plan of JAMG pointed out: till 2020, JAMG will build a 100 million MT coal production base and anthracite raw coal output will reach 80 million MT per year. With the gradual operation of a series of integrated coal mines, the output of anthracite lump coal will increase year by year. The mismatch between continuously increasing output of anthracite lump coal and shrinking consumption of anthracite lump coal is becoming the main contradiction, which perplexes the development of JAMG. Actively exploiting application field of anthracite lump coal has become the key to solve the above contradiction. Application as industrial fuel gas by taking Lurgi gasification, which used anthracite as raw material positively,

*Specifications of fuel gases produced by different production technologies and with different raw materials [14, 15].*

*Note: fuel gas derived from coal to syngas refers to crude syngas at the outlet of gasifier without any treatment.*

The long-term, stable operation of Jinshi and Tianqing projects proved the feasibility of Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material. Compared to other types of coal, Lurgi gasification by using Jincheng anthracite as raw material showed advantages including environmental protection, water consumption, effluent disposal, etc. By analyzing the characteristics of Lurgi gasification which used Jincheng anthracite as raw material, the choice of technical route was discussed and confirmed that the route of industrial gas, coal chemical products coupled with

**64**

responds to the above proposition.

natural gas could exploit the advantage to the full.

*Analytic index of no. 15 anthracite.*
