*2.2.1 Operational aspect of Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material*

Jinshi project had a total ammonia production capacity of 30 × 104 MT per year, which equipped with four Lurgi gasifiers (three open, one standby). Lurgi gasifiers were Mark-IV type, which were designed by Saiding Engineering Co., Ltd. Gasifier's specification was Φ 4000 × 12,500 mm and operation pressure was 3.0 MPa. The designed dry syngas output of gasifier was 38,000 Nm3 /h, and designed raw material was no. 15 anthracite (coal quality data are shown in **Table 2**).

It was the first time in China to produce synthetic ammonium feed gas, which used Lurgi gasification technology with anthracite as designed raw material. The project started in March 2008 and implemented the whole process in May 2014. Through two-and-a-half-year operation, the feasibility of long-term and stable operation of Lurgi gasifier with anthracite as raw material was proved. When the ratio of steam to oxygen was 5.1, the components of crude syngas were shown as follows: CO 27.8%, H2 38.4%, CH4 7.5%, CO2 24.8%, O2 0.2%, and others 1.3% and feed consumption was as follows: 0.53 MT raw coal/kNm3 crude syngas, 550 kg steam/kNm3 crude syngas, and 169 Nm3 O2/kNm3 crude syngas.

Based on the Jinshi project, JAMG founded Tianqing company in Qinyang city, Henan province and implemented a project that had ammonia production capacity of 30 × 104 MT and 500 million cubic meters of natural gas per year. The project equipped with six Lurgi gasifiers (five open, one standby). Lurgi gasifiers were Mark-IV type, which were designed by Saiding Engineering Co., Ltd. Gasifier's specification was Φ4000 mm × 13,000 mm, and operation pressure was 4.0 MPa. The designed dry syngas output of gasifier was 42,000 Nm3 /h, and designed raw material was no. 15 anthracite.

Since coming into operation in November 2014, the project has achieved long-term and stable operation. When the ratio of steam to oxygen was 4.1, the components of crude syngas were shown as follows: CO 23.6%, H2 42.3%, CH4 8.3%, CO2 24.2%, and others 1.6%, and feed consumption was as follows: 0.45 MT raw coal/kNm3 crude syngas, 566 kg steam/kNm3 crude syngas, and 166 Nm3 O2/kNm3 crude syngas.

On the basis of implementation of two above projects, JAMG set up a scientific and technical program which named "research and industrial demonstration of pressurized movable bed gasification technology for anthracite." The research and development mainly focused on gasifier structure, cooling process from chilling process to waste boiler process, and coal gas water treatment system. The program aimed to reduce project investment, reduce operation cost, improve energy efficiency, and enhance market competitiveness of Lurgi gasifier with anthracite as raw material.

#### *2.2.2 Characteristics of Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material*

Compared with other types of coal, Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material has the following advantages:

1.Because of high hardness, crush ratio and value loss are lower than that of other types of coal while transporting.


With the increase of gasification temperature, the ratio of steam to oxygen can be decreased greatly and coal gas water treatment capacity can be reduced. Simultaneously, the content of organic compounds in coal gas water will decrease and waste water will be easier to treat.

The above advantages make Lurgi gasifier with anthracite as raw material to show obvious competitiveness over that of other types of coal in environmental protection, water consumption, effluent disposal, etc.

Certainly, compared with other types of coal, Lurgi gasification by using anthracite as raw material has the following disadvantages:


The above disadvantages, to a certain extent, reduce the economy of Lurgi gasification device with anthracite as raw material. So, to get advantaged position in the fierce market competition, Lurgi gasification with anthracite as raw material needs to optimize the choice of technical route and identify its own position.
