**Table 3.**

*Risk factors for mortality in CIED infections.* 

that studies including only CIED endocarditis report higher mortality (25–29%) than studies of infections localized to the device pocket [7].

Studies of mortality often focus on finding risk factors of mortality, and the most frequently reported appear to be abnormal renal function, endocarditis, and old age [35–37]. Conditions often associated with endocarditis (systemic embolization, tricuspid regurgitation) have also been noted as risk factors of mortality. Another risk factor is the identified microbe, where *S. aureus* is associated with an increased mortality [38, 39].

**Table 3** shows risk factors for mortality in CIED infection as presented by Sandoe et al. [7]. Included are also factors related to device types and whether the device is extracted or if the patient receives medical therapy alone. This is discussed further under "Management", but in short, device removal is clearly associated to lower mortality [40]. Although there are possible fatal complications from device removal, the mortality associated with delaying this procedure is even higher [41]. Therefore, there is no indication for extraction as strong as infection [11, 42].
