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## Meet the editors

Dil Afroze (Ph.D) is a Professor and Chair at the Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), India. After obtaining her doctorate from Jamia Millia Islamia, India, she joined the Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine at SKIMS as faculty in 2005. With over two decades teaching experience in immunology and molecular medicine, Professor Dil Afroze is the Vice President of the Indian

Immunology Society. She has been a registered guide for basic and clinical graduate and post graduate programs and has mentored postdoctoral fellows as well. She has a number of awards and honors to her credit at the national and international level. She has publications in high impact journals such as Frontiers, the International Journal of Infectious Disease, and the Journal of Chemical Biochemistry and is an editorial board member of several international books (IntechOpen publications). She has been a Visiting Professor in the Division of Oncology, University of Linköping, Sweden and Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, USA.

Dr. Bilal Ahmad Rah is an Assistant Professor (research) at Qasim University, Saudi Arabia. After obtaining his doctorate from the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (Ac-SIR)-IIIM, India, Dr. Rah's employment and positions include: Senior Resident, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Srinagar, India (2017); Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Ohio State, University, Co-

lumbus, Ohio, USA (2017); Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Buffet and Pamela Cancer Centre, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA (2016); Best Paper award in Biology from the Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, India (2015); Adhoc Assistant Professor, Department of Higher Education, India (2016). Dr. Rah is a member of the Indian Association of Cancer Research and an editorial board member of Journal Advances in Biomedicine and Pharmacy and co-editorship at IntechOpen Publications. His expertise includes cancer biology and genetics.

Dr. Shazia Ali is a Senior Resident at the Advanced Centre for Human Genetics, (SKIMS). After obtaining her doctorate from Life Sciences at Jawaharlal Nehru University, India, Dr. Ali's employment and positions include: Post-Doctoral Fellow DST, SKIMS (Nov 2016); Junior Residency, SKIMS (May 2016); Project Fellow, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore India (2006- 2008); Project Fellow, National Centre for Biological Sciences,

Bangalore, India (2008); and Summer fellowship, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Research, Bangalore, India (2006). Dr. Ali is a member of the Indian Association of Cancer Research and a reviewer for Tumor Biology and a guest editor in the Sage Group of publications including co-editorship at IntechOpen Publications. Her expertise includes cancer biology, genetics and array hybridization.

Dr. Faheem Shehjar is a Senior Resident at the Advanced Centre of Human Genetics (SKIMS). He obtained his doctorate in Biomedical Sciences from SKIMS (2017). He has also been a Senior Research Fellow at SKIMS (2017). Dr. Shehjar was awarded Exemplary Researcher Award, SKIMS (2018). Dr. Shehjar has published his research in various international reputed journals and has extensive experience in medical genetics and immuContents

**Section 1**

**Section 2**

of Breast Cancer

**Preface XI**

Initiation and Progression **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

Breast Cancer Regulatory Pathways **27**

**Chapter 2 29**

**Chapter 3 55**

**Chapter 4 69**

Different Treatment Strategies for Breast Cancer **81**

**Chapter 5 83**

Targeted Breast Cancer Treatment Using New Photochemotherapeutic

Introduction on Breast Cancer Governed by Factors, Cell Cycle,

Cell Cycle and Factors Involved in Inhibition or Progression

*by Shazia Ali, Mohd Ishaq Dar, Rafiq A. Rather and Dil Afroze*

A Potential New Mechanism for Bisphenol Molecules to Initiate Breast Cancer through Alteration of Bone Morphogenetic Protein

A Novel SASH1-IQGAP1-E-Cadherin Signal Cascade Mediates

Evidence of BKCa Channelopathy-Driven Breast Cancer

*by Ivan Sosthene Mfouo Tynga and Heidi Abrahamse*

*by Ding'an Zhou, Xing Zeng, Yadong Li, Zhixiong Wu and Xin Wan*

Signaling in Stem Cells and Their Microenvironment

*by Boris Guyot and Veronique Maguer-Satta*

*by Divya Khaitan and Nagendra Ningaraj*

Breast Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis to Brain

**Section 3**

Compounds

nology and holds co-editorship at IntechOpen Publications. His expertise includes immunology and genetics.

Dr. Mohd Ishaq Dar is a Senior Resident at the Advanced Centre of Human Genetics (SKIMS). He obtained his doctorate from the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)-IIIM, India. Dr. Ishaq's employment and positions include: Adhoc Assistant Professor at Department of Higher Education, India (2016). Dr. Mohd Ishaq Dar has published his research in various international reputed journals and holds several international

patents. Dr. Ishaq is a member of the Indian Association of Cancer Research and is an editorial board member of the Journal Advances in Biomedicine and Pharmacy and holds co- editorship at IntechOpen Publications. His expertise includes cancer biology, stem cell biology, and epigenetics.

Dr. Natasha Thakur (M.D) is an Associate Professor at the Department of General Surgery, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), India. She received her M.S at the Government Medical College, Jammu, J&K, India in 2004 and M.B.B.S at the University of Karnataka, India in 1994. Her previous positions and honors include: Surgeon Specialist DHS, Jammu, J&K,India (2005-08); Registrar Surgery, ASCHOMS,

Batra Jammu, J&K, India (2004-05). Her previous employments include: Assistant Professor, General Surgery, SKIMS, Srinagar, J&K, India (2013-17) and Senior Resident, General Surgery, SKIMS, Srinagar, J&K, India (2008-13). Dr. Thakur has a Fellowship in gastrointestinal and endo surgery (FIAGES); Fellowship in breast cancer, AVON Global Scholar Program 2014, Atlanta, USA; and basic laparoscopic and advance suturing course. She is also a life member of the Association of Surgeons of India and Association of Colon and Rectal Surgeons of India.

Dr. Shailender S. Chauhan is currently a Research Technician at the University of Arizona, Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA. He received his PhD. in Biochemistry in 2013 from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India and M.Sc. (with Honors) in Biochemistry in 2005, also from Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Dr. Chauhan has 9 publications, 2 manuscripts in the writing process, and 14 selected abstracts published in conference proceed-

ings. He has received many national and international awards. Dr. Chauhan is an editorial board member and guest reviewer of various publications.

## Contents



Preface

*Breast Cancer Biology* systematically describes breast cancer from basic definitions, to cellular and molecular biology, to diagnosis and treatment. This book also has some added focus on preclinical and clinical results in diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. The book starts with an introduction on genetics, survival, and pathophysiology of breast cancer in Section 1. In Section 2, the molecular and cellular biology of breast cancer is presented with definite signaling pathways, especially the existence of breast cancer hypoxia. In Section 3, some new diagnostic methods and updated therapies from surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and some complementary therapies are discussed. Section 4 is focused on diet, exercise and other lifestyle factors for breast cancer prevention. This book provides a brief yet comprehensive overview of breast cancer for advanced students, graduate students, and researchers as well as those working

This book is a splendid compilation of six subjects associated with cancer covering a whole range of areas including breast cancer, signaling, genetics, mutation, cancer surviving, PI3K, AKT, Micro-RNA, chemo-resistance, hypoxia, and angiogenesis. Historically, prognosis and treatment choice making for breast cancer patients have been dictated by the anatomic amount of tumor spread. However, recently, breast cancer has become an assemblage of distinctive phenotypes with diverse prognoses, outlines of failure, and treatment responses. This book shows how biologically based assays and targeted therapies planned to exploit these unique phenotypes have intensely altered systemic therapy practice patterns and treatment consequences. This book aims to summarize the present data and provide practical framework for the integration of breast tumor biology into clinical practice.

Studies regarding ethnic, cultural, and personal differences in health beliefs and health care seeking behavior will yield important information for those providing care and setting policies. Also necessary is accurate, reliable, unbiased information on direct and indirect costs associated with genetic testing, prevention strategies, screening and diagnostic techniques, or a given treatment; such information is a critical component of realistic health care planning and delivery. An area of urgent importance is the effect of managed care on breast cancer screening, detection, treatment, and follow-up. There is concern about the trade-off between quality and

This book is covering a comprehensive range of topics. It has been a delightful opportunity to edit this special edition along with team of co-editors. We greatly appreciate the work of all the contributors to this book and they have brought with them a remarkable diversity of perspectives and fields that is truly reflective of the complexity of the topic, and they have come together in this project to create a node

We acknowledge the thousands of cancer patients who have participated in the studies, and who have inspired us to gather information leading to significant

with breast cancer in a clinical setting.

cost of health care.

of multidisciplinary collaboration in this field.

progress in knowledge in the field in the recent years.

*by Deniz Kocamaz and Tülin Düger*
