**Acknowledgements**

We would like to appreciate the assistance of Ojeda Verdugo Einer Isaac, MD for providing technical editing and proofreading to improve the manuscript.

**31**

**Author details**

Marina Concepción Silva Mancilla3

Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico

Jesús Famanía-Bustamante3

provided the original work is properly cited.

Javier González-Ramírez1,2\*, Nicolás Serafín-Higuera2,3,

*Use of Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Periodontitis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85394*

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

, Gustavo Martínez-Coronilla4

and Ana Laura López López1

1 School of Nursing Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California,

2 Cell Biology Laboratory, Health Sciences Unit, Autonomous University of Baja

3 School of Dentistry Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California,

4 Medical School Campus Mexicali, Autonomous University of Baja California,

\*Address all correspondence to: javier.gonzalez.ramirez@uabc.edu.mx

,

## **Conflict of interest**

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial, or otherwise.

*Use of Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Periodontitis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85394*

*Periodontal Disease - Diagnostic and Adjunctive Non-surgical Considerations*

clinical practice in the future.

**5. Conclusions**

appropriate.

and keep a follow-up.

**6. Future recommendations**

like the United States [98].

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

Different factors are involved in the development of periodontitis, and a complex interaction between bacteria and immune system is observed. Additionally, periodontitis has been linked to at least 43 systemic diseases [96]. Thus, it is important to be careful when interpreting the results of biomarker tests because different factors could have a confounding impact on potential biomarkers [97]. Additionally, further large-scale studies are needed to prove specificity and sensitivity of the biomarkers analyzed in periodontitis and for utilization in routine

Currently, a number of biomarkers have been sought for the detection of periodontal disease, but so far an ideal biomarker has not been found that helps early detection of the disease; perhaps the combination of several is the most

The search for biomarkers continues, we suggest for further studies in search of new biomarkers, it should be consider having a larger sample size, a random source

Periodontal disease is already a very common problem in many countries; due to the above, the monitoring and reduction of the progress of periodontitis through surveillance and health promotion are part of the national health goal of countries

Due to this, there has been an exhaustive search in recent years of biomarkers obtained from various sources, with saliva being the most used; however, we believe that new studies should include groups of patients with gingivitis on a daily basis, since this is considered an intermediate phase in which the patient can (if he/she carries out good dental hygiene and continues the treatment) stop the development of periodontitis [42], so that limit levels of these biomarkers may be detected. In addition to this, numerous studies have shown so far that among the best

From our point of view, we should also include and explore molecules such as miRNAs and other noncoding RNAs such as lncRNA and circRNA, in addition to the classical molecules that are already known to directly participate in the development of inflammatory pathology, since the study of these molecules could yield new perspectives on the development and progression of periodontal disease, which at some point may have important applications as biomarkers with leading activity

We would like to appreciate the assistance of Ojeda Verdugo Einer Isaac, MD for

providing technical editing and proofreading to improve the manuscript.

The authors declare no conflict of interest, financial, or otherwise.

options for biomarkers are proteins such as IL-1β, MMP-8, and ICTP.

in the development and manifestation of periodontitis.

**30**
