Contents


Preface

Periodontal diseases are a group of chronic immune-inflammatory diseases that, according to their severity, may induce different levels of periodontal destruction. Such diseases could range from mild gingivitis to severe periodontitis. Although there is similarity in the nature of the periodontal diseases in general, each disease has special characteristics. These characters could differ if the disease is solitary or

The goal of this book is to clarify the main structure of periodontal diagnosis and discuss the most recent modalities in non-surgical adjunctive therapeutic aids.

Unfortunately, in 2019, periodontal diseases became some of the most common diseases that affect human beings all over the world. Periodontal diseases reported relatively higher prevalence in developing countries, especially in children due to nutrition deficiency, hygiene problems, awareness, low educational and social

The multifactorial nature of the disease makes the early identification and diagnosis more difficult. Therefore, it is clear that there is no single diagnostic aid that can

levels, limited financial aids, and limited diagnostic privilege.

and most recent diagnostic aids in the periodontal field.

tissues to any therapeutic interventions.

provide full clinical assessment of the different periodontal conditions.

The higher prevalence of periodontal diseases is mainly due to the delay of the patients asking for dental examination and treatment at the onset stage of the disease. Unfortunately, patients usually ask for diagnosis and treatment when the disease reaches an advanced stage. Late diagnosis could lead to loss of the affected teeth as well as severe damage to the remaining structures. Nowadays, there is great improvement in the diagnostic aids that could facilitate the early discovery of such

The main requirements that are needed for an ideal diagnostic aid is to be easy to use, informative, non-invasive, cost effective, and accepted by patients. Nowadays, biomarkers, radiographic evaluations, and genetic analysis are the main informative

In the last few decades, biomarkers have developed great potential to be used for diagnosis of periodontal diseases. The main function of the biomarker is to indicate the presence and severity of the disease and report the responses of the periodontal

The great evolution in the radiographic aids makes the early monitoring of the changes of periodontal hard structure easier. There has been development of a wide spectrum of radiographic techniques such as the subtractive and topographic

Lately, the literature has recorded several non-surgical techniques that could act as adjunctive modalities to treat mild to moderate conditions and serve as a treatment

it could be a reflection of a systemic disease.

diseases.

technique.
