*14.1.4 Mansonia mosquitos*

It includes 15 species classified in subgenera *Mansonia* Blanchard and mosquitos are mostly found in marshy areas in tropical countries. These mosquitoes can be very alike to common mosquitoes in genus *Aedes*, however vary by having the last segment of abdomen much broad, rather than markedly narrower as in *Aedes*, and through having most of scales very broad on the top of wings, rather than long and narrow as these are on *Aedes*. These may as well be differentiated from several other mosquitos genera through having a tuft of bristles (post-spiracular bristles) on body plate instantly

**Figure 12.** Aedes albopictus*.*

behind spiracle on the sideways of thorax. Some species are important as vectors of the helminthes that cause brugian filariasis. Their body, including the legs and wings, is covered with dark-brown and pale scales, giving it a rather dusty appearance, as if sprinkled with salt and pepper. The larvae of *Mansonia* species occur in permanent waters in association with aquatic plants that have roots used for attachment by the siphon to obtain oxygen for respiration from air cells. Mosquito *Mansonia titillans* (Walker) (**Figure 13**) is known to transmit various arboviruses, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis, while species *Mansonia dyari* Belkin, Heinemann and Page should be considered a potential vector of Rift Valley fever virus [78].

*trimaculatus* Palisot de Beauvois (**Figure 14**) have scissor-like mouthparts that aim to cut the skin and then lap up the blood. Deer fly *Chrysops callidus* Osten Sacken (**Figure 15**), is blood sucking insects of humans and cattle. They are large flies with large brightly-colored compound eyes, and large clear wings with dark bands. They are in habit of hovering around the head and shoulders and biting people, and known for following moving animals and repeatedly buzzing the head [79].

*Typical Flies: Natural History, Lifestyle and Diversity of Diptera*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91391*

This family (Tabanidae) comprises deer flies and horse flies. Still, the life cycle of several species is unfamiliar, however in those that are identified, there is often an aquatic phase in the cycle. Eggs are placed in moist areas including pools and streams. In about a week, larvae hatch out and stay in the bottom of pools habitually burrowing into mud where these nourish on various forms of biological material and often surviving as micro-predators. Several species hibernate in winter as larval stage, however in spring; larvae molt to a pupal stage (lasting for 2–3 weeks) and then adults emerge. The female tabanids are only blood suckers. Mouth parts in many species are fairly prominent and role like a spear otherwise stylet to puncture an area, and usually causing loss of blood afterward the fly has done nourishing. An adult female tabanid may take away nearly 0.2 cc of blood for each nourishing. Their bites are deep and painful, and the wounds often continue to bleed after the

Stable flies (*Stomoxys*) occur around the world. Stable flies are dark, mediumsized flies, 5–6 mm in length, resembling house flies in shape and size, and are also

flies have left host [80].

**Figure 16.** Stomoxys calcitrans*.*

**31**

**Figure 15.** Chrysops callidus*.*

**14.3 Stable fly** *Stomoxys calcitrans* **(Linnaeus)**

A number of control approaches are employed against every stage in the life cycle of mosquito. Difficulties exist with the whole forms of control options and their continuous applications are generally required to produce any effect. Different forms of natural control are currently being trialed with personal protection of human, and selecting and breeding of livestock species, which are more resistant to mosquito biting to hold some promise.
