**1. Introduction**

Female mosquitoes attack humans and animals to obtain the blood necessary to sustain their vital activities and make eggs. They use all warm-blooded animals, causing severe uncomfortable and serious harm due to loss of blood, itching, and allergies as well as transmission of pathogens [1].

Carbon dioxide, which is emitted from respiration as well as sweat, is an attractive substance for mosquitoes [2]. The symptoms or reactions caused by mosquito bites are pink rash around the attacked spot accompanied by itching and pain, and may be accompanied by symptoms of allergies. The saliva of mosquitoes contains chemical components which cause these symptoms on the hosts. *Staphylococcus aureus* found in the salivary glands secretes antigenic substances, agglutinins and anticoagulants, and it has been found that the saliva of mosquitoes prevents the growth of chicken embryos and causes death if infected. Feeding by the mosquito is through the parts of her mouth reaching the capillary blood vessels, which leads to puncture in several areas, causing slow or stop of the blood flow to produce

perfusion and bleeding appears in the form of small bleeding spots, especially in the areas around the eye in children [3].

Mosquitoes attack exposed parts of the nose, ears, and limbs, and there is record of a few hundred *C. quinquefasciatus* mosquitoes per person in 1 h, as *C. quinquefasciatus* prefers blood absorption from the face and trunk [4]. Also found among the areas of the body preferred by mosquitoes for nutrition is the foot more than the leg because the region is characterized by smells resulting from the frequent presence of sweat glands [5].

The nature of mosquito adults in their frequency to a number of families for feeding makes these important to transport pathogens from the infected person or animal to a healthy person or animal [6]. The mosquitoes occupy an important place among the medical insects carrying dangerous pathogens that lead to human death. The most serious of these causes are the cases of malaria, which is due to the species of *Plasmodium* that is transmitted by the female sex species. The *Anopheles* species show a vital transmission of malaria in the world and 380 species of *Anopheles* mosquito have been known as vectors. For malaria, about 60 mosquito species are attracted to humans for nutrition [7].

At least 20 species of malaria pathogens have been registered in South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. The most serious pathogens transmitting species are *Anopheles stephensi* Liston, *Anopheles sacharovi* Favre, and *Anopheles gambiae* Giles [8]. Filariasis lymphatic disease is a serious disease that causes three types of worms: *Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi*, and *B. timori* are transmitted by genus *Culex*, *Aedes*, and *Anopheles*. But the most dangerous of these types of worms is *W. bancrofti* [9].

The *Culex* mosquitoes also transmit many pathogens that cause serious diseases to humans, especially those that cause meningitis in humans and animals, and from these initiating West Nile virus and meningitis, *Louis encephalitis virus, Japanese encephalitis virus,* and *chicken pox* [10, 11].

Yellow fever, which is a short-term acute illness, often causes death and starts with fever, headaches, and jaundice. The patient's color becomes yellow, internal bleeding and vomiting can occur, and death may take place within 3 days. This type of disease is transmitted by *Culex* and *Aedes* mosquitoes. Other serious diseases whose pathogens are mosquitoes include dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever. The *Aedes aegypti* (*Linnaeus*), the yellow fever mosquito, and *Aedes albopictus* (Skuse), the Asian tiger mosquito, are the main vectors of these diseases in tropical and subtropical regions. A*. aegypti* is the major carrier of the disease in East Asian and warmer countries [12].
