**13. Damage caused by Diptera to cured fish**

Some Diptera cause significant damage in many ways, generally during the larval stages. The feeding by larvae of Calliphoridae causes quantitative losses on moist fish. These injuries can be severe if circumstances are optimum for fly growth and under such conditions, i.e., if poorly or unsalted and salted fish are dried gradually for the reason that of rain or high humidity, weight harms of 10–30% by fly larvae may be caused. Disintegration of fish by fly invasion can cause quality damage and may lead to bigger danger of damage by mites and beetles. Significant weight losses because of fragmentation of fish during treating have been noted, however the involvement of blow fly injury to this has not been assessed separately. Thorough and heavy salting provides complete protection against blow fly larvae.

Most flies found on cured fish belong to the subfamilies Calliphoridae (blowflies, bluebottles, greenbottles, screw-worms including *Calliphora* sp., *Chrysomya albiceps* Wiedemann, *Chrysomya bezziana* Villeneuve, *C. chloropyga putoria* (Wiedemann), *C. megacephala* (Fabr.), *C. regalis* Desvoidy, *Lucilia cuprina* Wiedemann, and *L. sericata*) and Sarcophagidae. Flesh flies includes *Sarcophaga* sp., *S. nodosa* Engel, *S. tibialis* Macquart and *Wohlfahrtia* sp.), in Calliphoridae family. The most common of these are several species of Chrysomya; however, Lucilia, Calliphora, Wohlfahrtia and Sarcophaga have too been stated. Other families of flies infesting cured fish denoted in records are Phoridae (Megaselia), Muscidae (Musca, Atherigona and Ophyra), Piophilidae (Piophila), Ephydridae (Discomyza) and Milichidae (Leptometopa). Entirely, these flies are somewhat alike in general form, although they display a diversity of coloration and size, and their proof of identity needs specialist information [63].

The larvae of some species can cause myiasis in livestock or man i.e., they may infect external wounds or can be swallowed and carry on developing in the intestine as parasites. Adult flies of many pest species are invited to decomposing material (such as rotting offal of fish) and dung, wherever they may breed and feed. They might thus spread pathogenic organisms when these lay eggs on fish.

mosquitos are size of palps that is equivalent to proboscis; whereas these generally at rest retain their abdomen and mouthparts in a straightforward stripe at an angle to relaxing place; the angle differs within species and in various circumstances it is nearly erect to surface. In south Asia, vector of malaria *Anopheles culicifacies* Giles, is an exemption by keeping body nearly equivalent to surface. As per its name proposes, this one superficially looks similar to mosquito *Culex*. A number of mosquitoes, including *Psorophora*, *Aedes*, *Mansonia*, *Culex* and *Anopheles* spp., are important parasites of domestic animals. When the blood-feeding females are present in large

About 380 species of *Anopheles* mosquitoes occur around the world. Some 60 species are sufficiently attracted to humans to act as vectors of malaria. A number of *Anopheles* species are also vectors of lymphatic filariasis and viral diseases. Female and male adult mosquitoes may be distinguished from every one due to occurrence of antennae that is bushy in males than females. Genus *Anopheles* may be distinguish from whole others genera based on occurrence of clubbed palps within males, while non-clubbed in rest of species and lengthy palps in *Anopheles* female whereas

The most preferred breeding sites are pools, seepages, quiet places in slowrunning streams, rice fields, leaf axils of certain epiphytic plants and puddles of rainwater, but not artificial containers, except in the case of *Anopheles stephensi* Liston (**Figure 8**). The eggs are elongated, about 1 mm in length, have a pair of

numbers, they cause stress to animals and produce severe anemia [67, 68].

*Typical Flies: Natural History, Lifestyle and Diversity of Diptera*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91391*

*14.1.1* Anopheles *mosquitos*

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 8.**

**27**

Anopheles stephensi*.*

*(a) Male antenna, (b) Female antenna.*

small palps in all other females (**Figure 7**).
