**1. Introduction**

Dengue is one of the main arboviruses in the world, exposing more than half of the population to the risk of contracting the disease [1–3]. In addition, the severe dengue is one of the main causes of child deaths in countries in Latin America and Asia [3]. The circulation of the dengue virus is ruled as a major problem due to the genetic plasticity of the mosquito under environmental conditions, and due to the selection of resistant insects because of chemical control, coupled with the fact that the mosquito is anthropophilic and domiciled. The occurrence of vertical transmission in epidemic times also helps in the dynamics of maintaining the virus in the urban environment [4]. Murillo et al. [5] reported that increased vertical transmission in times of epidemic makes outbreaks more difficult and expensive to control.

*Aedes* (*Stegomyia*) *aegypti* (Diptera: Culicidae) is the transmitter of dengue, urban yellow fever, chikungunya and Zika viruses in Brazil [6, 7]. The spread of chikungunya and Zika viruses has caused public health problems because the former causes severe recurrent joint pain and the latter may involve neurological complications such as microcephaly in children, being very severe, in addition to Guillain-Barré Syndrome [8–11].

Females of this mosquito species practice hematophagy and prefer to breed in artificial breeding sites, where competition with other species is practically absent [12–15]. The proliferation of this mosquito has been intensifying with increasing urban perimeter, lack of basic sanitation, deforestation and lack of proper treatment of solid waste, as these are factors that increase breeding sites [16, 17]. *A. aegypti* eggs can be dehydrated for more than a year and are viable in late-hatching post-embryonic development, causing an imminent danger in the proliferation of this mosquito [18, 19].

Mosquito development, especially those with high adaptive genetic plasticity, may be affected by various abiotic factors, with temperature being the most relevant [20]. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [21], the Earth will experience an average temperature increase of approximately 2°C, and by 2099 this could rise to 6.5°C, a situation that may favor the cycle of these Culicidae, as well as increased viral circulation. These data are confirmed by analyzing the statistics from 1955 to 2007, a time when temperature increases have been added to one of the world's largest viral propagations, with a 30-fold increase in the last 50 years, and over 2 million of reported cases annually on the American continent each year [3].

In the current perspective, there is a need to intensify the monitoring and control of mosquitoes, as well as the monitoring of early viral circulation, since almost half of the world's population is exposed to the risk of dengue contamination with an estimated 50–100 million cases annually in more than 100 endemic countries [3]. This situation can worsen with global warming, which has been increasing each year, due to anthropic factors [17]. In this sense, understanding the life cycle of *A. aegypti* in stabilized insectaries kept in environmental rooms simulating the IPCC climate predictions, is a strategy that can help to optimize the alternatives for monitoring and controlling of this insect, given the possibility of the emergence of this scenario.

In this context, the present work aimed to: (i) verify the influence of different temperatures on egg viability, number of adults and mortality rate of *A. aegypti* from Londrina, Paraná, under laboratory conditions and, (ii) check the time of the biological cycle, number of adults and mortality rate of *A. aegypti* from Manaus, Amazonas, kept in environmental rooms that simulate the temperatures and concentrations of carbon dioxide predicted by the IPCC.

**123**

*Post-Embryonic Development of* Aedes *(*Stegomyia*)* aegypti *Linnaeus, 1762 at Different…*

The study was carried out in incubator chambers (BOD) with different temperatures, kept at the Medical Entomology Laboratory of Londrina State University (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, and in insects kept at the Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution (LEEM), located at *Campus* I of the National Institute of

**2.2 Collection of** *A. aegypti* **eggs from Londrina, Paraná, under field conditions**

**2.3 Maintenance of immature and adult of** *A. aegypti* **from Londrina, Paraná,** 

The reeds containing eggs were immersed in plastic trays (45 × 30 × 7.5 cm) containing distilled water to stimulate the larvae to hatch. The immatures obtained were kept until adults by means of food containing a mixture of cat food (Whiskas®) and rodents (Teklab global®) in a 1:1 ratio, ground into fine particles (1 mm). All trays were covered with a nylon fabric to prevent the escape of mosquitoes. After emergence, the males and females were collected with a Castro catcher and the species identification was performed using external morphological characters, mainly from the chest, with the aid of a stereoscopic microscope ZEISS Stemi 2000 50× and identification keys proposed by Forattini [14], Harbach [24], and WRBU [25]. After the identification stage, the adults were placed to copulate in cardboard cages (17 × 20 cm), containing two plastic cups lined with strips of filter paper and filled with 70 mL of distilled water, which were used as a substrate for oviposition. As a source of carbohydrates, an Erlenmeyer was introduced containing a roll of gauze with pieces of cotton in the center, soaked with 12% sugar water. The blood meal was carried out using an anesthetized hamster for 30min, according to the procedure approved by the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals at UEL

The sample of *A. aegypti* population from Londrina, Paraná, used in this study, was obtained from eggs collected in the field, with the aid of traps called ovitraps [22]. The main attraction in the traps was a solution containing grass infusion (10%) [23], with a total volume of 300 ml. Twenty traps were set up and distributed at the UEL campus, at ground level, protected from sun and rain, and in places with little movement of people and animals. Samples were taken for 2 weeks and every 7 days, the reeds were replaced and sent to the insectarium with controlled temperature, humidity and photoperiod conditions (27 ± 2°C, 80–90% and 12L/12E).

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93100*

Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas.

**under laboratory conditions**

("Breeding of mosquitoes in laboratory conditions").

**chambers (BOD) with different temperatures**

**2.4 Biological aspects of** *A. aegypti* **from Londrina, Paraná, in incubator** 

At UEL, the experiment was carried out in four incubator chambers (BOD) that had different temperatures (0, 5, 25 and 45°C) with ±2°C, as well as at ambient temperature, where the eggs remained in dry incubation in 500 ml capacity pots containing only moistened cotton over a period of 10 days, with a 12/12 h photoperiod.

Subsequently, 150 ml of distilled water, 25 eggs of *A. aegypti*, F1 field generation and 0.055 g of larval food were introduced into each of the five pots, which were placed in BOD with temperature of 25 ± 2°C. The monitoring of the hatching rate of eggs, the rate of immature deaths and the number of adults were carried out daily.

**2. Methods**

**2.1 Study area**

*Post-Embryonic Development of* Aedes *(*Stegomyia*)* aegypti *Linnaeus, 1762 at Different… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93100*
