**Author details**

Iram Mahmood1 \*, Sadaqat Khan2,3, Waheed Akram2 , Raphael M. Obodo7 , Tariq Mehmood6 , Ishaq Ahmad2,4 and Tingkai Zhao4,5

1 Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2 National Center for Physics, Islamabad, Pakistan

3 Department of Physics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan

4 NPU-NCP Joint International Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials and Defects Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China

5 School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China

6 School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, China

7 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

\*Address all correspondence to: irahmad@kku.edu.sa

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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