*Supporting open minds since 2005*

Ion Beam Techniques and Applications http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.78139 Edited by Ishaq Ahmad and Tingkai Zhao

### Contributors

Hafsa Siddiqui, Zhichun Ni Ni, Qintao Li, Iram Mahmood, Sadaqat Khan, Waheed Akram, Raphael .M. Obodo, Tariq Mehmood, Ishaq Ahmad, Ting-Kai Zhao, Shehla Honey, Tingkai Zhao, Samson O. Aisida, Asim Jamil, Malek Maaza, Marcelo Roldan, Amber Solangi, Saima Memon, Dilawar Hassan, Sidra Amin, Patricia Galán, Fernando José Sánchez, Isabel García-Cortés, David Jiménez-Rey, Pilar Fernández, Shehla Honey

### © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2020

The rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by INTECHOPEN LIMITED. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without INTECHOPEN LIMITED's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to INTECHOPEN LIMITED rights and permissions department (permissions@intechopen.com).

Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law.

Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. If so indicated, certain images may not be included under the Creative Commons license. In such cases users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html.

### Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

First published in London, United Kingdom, 2020 by IntechOpen IntechOpen is the global imprint of INTECHOPEN LIMITED, registered in England and Wales, registration number: 11086078, 7th floor, 10 Lower Thames Street, London, EC3R 6AF, United Kingdom Printed in Croatia

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Additional hard and PDF copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com

Ion Beam Techniques and Applications Edited by Ishaq Ahmad and Tingkai Zhao p. cm. Print ISBN 978-1-78984-570-9 Online ISBN 978-1-78984-571-6 eBook (PDF) ISBN 978-1-83880-970-6
