*3.1.3 Alkaline zinc/organic programs*

With the growing concerns of the hazard of over phosphate levels in the environment, it has resulted in the development of many programs with lower concentration of PO4 <sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup>, thus come out various combinations of zinc and polymers.


#### **Table 4.**

*A typical formulation of phosphate program A.*


#### **Table 5.**

*A typical formulation of phosphate program B.*


**161**

**Table 7.**

*Formulation of Corrosion Inhibitors*

In addition, these low PO4

about 5 ppm PO4

some zinc salt.

conditions.

*3.1.4 Molybdate programs*

**Basic formulation materials Alkaline** 

*The typical formulation of alkaline zinc/organic program.*

systems.

down to 2 ppm PO4

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88533*

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> programs have been designed to operate at higher pH

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> at 100 ppm alkalinity in the cooling water; it is also possibly

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> and

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> is completely removed

**Zn/polymer/phosphonate (%)**

levels than that of the stabilized phosphate programs, which reduces the risk of pH upset and iron phosphate deposition. Thus, these treatments have been called alkaline phosphate, alkaline zinc, or zinc/polymer phosphonate programs. The improved deposit control agents and phosphate/zinc stabilizers have promised these programs to operate with high levels of calcium (up to 1200 ppm) and high pH (up to 9.0).

• Alkaline phosphate programs: These programs use the reverse ratios of phosphate compared with stabilized phosphate. Typically, the O/P ratio is 1:2, with

• Alkaline zinc programs: These types of programs tend to combine O-PO4

phosphonate, together with a good scale inhibitor (CaCC3)/dispersant and

• Zinc/phosphate/organic programs: These types of formulations try to incorporate the best treatments and also to operate under more difficult and stressful

Some examples of formulations were designed to operate with the cooling water products reserving of around 100 ppm as shown in **Tables 7** and **8**, and the typical pH ranges of these programs are shown in **Table 9**. These types of formulations were applied in a wide range of general industrial field and comfort cooling

Most formulators combine molybdate with zinc, orthophosphate, or phosphonate to reduce the cost of sodium molybdate, which maintains the excellent

H3PO4, commercial acid 5 10 — H2SO4, commercial acid — — 4 TKPP 6 — — ZnCl2 — 5 5 HEDP 5 5 10 SSMA 10 5 — TTA, commercial solution 1 1 1 PAA — — 5 Water 73 74 75 Total 100 100 100

**Alkaline Zn (%)**

**PO4 <sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> (%)**

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> at 300 ppm alkalinity.

Some key features of these programs are discussed here:

• Zinc/polymer/phosphonate programs: Here the PO4

and substituted with additional organic compounds.

#### **Table 6.**

*The requirement of product A and B for different concentrations of calcium hardness.*

*Formulation of Corrosion Inhibitors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88533*

*Water Chemistry*

up to pH 7.5.

ppm CaCC3) as shown in **Table 6**.

*3.1.3 Alkaline zinc/organic programs*

concentration of PO4

In most hard waters, the typical O:P ratio is 2:1, whereas in lower hardness

of 10–15 ppm. Some "stabilized phosphate" programs contain zinc, which may also be operated at higher pH levels. A formulation for a steelwork or fertilizer plant is shown in **Tables 4** and **5**, and the pH value of the cooling water is 6.5–7.0, perhaps

This program formulation will tend to be dosed continuously to achieve a total phosphate reserve in the recirculating cooling water based on calcium hardness (as

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup>, thus come out various combinations of zinc and polymers.

**Product B required (ppm)**

**Total PO4**

**<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> in system (ppm)**

With the growing concerns of the hazard of over phosphate levels in the environment, it has resulted in the development of many programs with lower

**The formulation of phosphate program A w/w %** KOH, commercial solution 40 H3PO4, commercial acid 15 TKPP, commercial solution 15 TTA, commercial solution 1 AA/AMPS 7 Water 22 Total 100

**The formulation of stabilizer program Β w/w %** NaOH, commercial solution 15 PCA 10 PAA 15 AA/AMPS 15 Water 45 Total 100

> **Product A required (ppm)**

*The requirement of product A and B for different concentrations of calcium hardness.*

 100 30 16 85–90 45 14 70–75 60 12 60–65 75 10

<sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> reserve is at the concentration

waters it is 3:1. Typically, the total unfiltered O-PO4

**160**

**Table 6.**

**Table 5.**

**Table 4.**

*A typical formulation of phosphate program B.*

**Calcium hardness** 

**(ppm)**

*A typical formulation of phosphate program A.*

In addition, these low PO4 <sup>3</sup><sup>−</sup> programs have been designed to operate at higher pH levels than that of the stabilized phosphate programs, which reduces the risk of pH upset and iron phosphate deposition. Thus, these treatments have been called alkaline phosphate, alkaline zinc, or zinc/polymer phosphonate programs. The improved deposit control agents and phosphate/zinc stabilizers have promised these programs to operate with high levels of calcium (up to 1200 ppm) and high pH (up to 9.0).

Some key features of these programs are discussed here:


Some examples of formulations were designed to operate with the cooling water products reserving of around 100 ppm as shown in **Tables 7** and **8**, and the typical pH ranges of these programs are shown in **Table 9**. These types of formulations were applied in a wide range of general industrial field and comfort cooling systems.
