2.3 Investigation of thermal modeling by a solar still with effect of absorbing materials

The solar radiation is absorbing to water flowing by glass cover transported over the absorbing materials with working of inside heat ability accessible in the organization as shown in Figures 1 and 4. The novel design made of fin wick absorbing materials following the flowchart Figure 5.

Figure 6 the water flowing over the glass cover influence of absorbing materials surface to harvest by a solar still with succeeding suppositions have been prepared to different parameters script the energy equilibrium equations.


Flowing water with absorbing materials by a solar still

$$
\rho h l\_{fw} \rho c\_{fw} \frac{dT\_{fw}}{dt} d\mathbf{x} + m\_{fw} c\_{fw} \frac{dT\_{fw}}{d\mathbf{x}} d\mathbf{x} = a\_{fw} H\_i b d\mathbf{x} + h\_4 (T\_g - T\_{fw}) b d\mathbf{x}
$$

$$
$$

Glass cover with absorbing materials by a solar still

$$hH\_{\rm f}a\_{\rm g} + h\_1(T\_{Fw} - T\_{\rm g}) = h\_4\left(T\_{\rm g} - T\_{\rm fw}\right) \tag{2}$$

Equation (1), after eliminating Tg from Eq. (2), can be redrafted as

þ

dx <sup>þ</sup> <sup>a</sup>1Tfw <sup>¼</sup> <sup>a</sup>2TFw <sup>þ</sup> <sup>a</sup><sup>3</sup> (5)

h2 4b ð Þ h4 þ h2 mfwCfw

dTfw

A solar still with different parameters script form of energy equilibrium equations.

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy…

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

<sup>a</sup><sup>1</sup> <sup>¼</sup> ð Þ h4 <sup>þ</sup> h2 <sup>b</sup> mfwCfw

where

225

Figure 6.

Figure 5.

A flowchart to influence a solar still.

Basin liner with absorbing materials by a solar still

$$\begin{aligned} a\_{(b+\text{PCM}+\text{Nonparticles})}H\_s &= h\_3 \left( T\_{b+\text{PCM}+\text{Nonparticles}} - T\_{\text{Fw}} \right) \\ &+ h\_{b+\text{PCM}+\text{Nonparticles}} \left( T\_{b+\text{PCM}+\text{Nonparticles}} - T\_a \right) \end{aligned} \tag{3}$$

Water mass with absorbing materials by a solar still

$$m\_{Fw}H\_t + h\_3 \left(T\_{b+PCM+Nunparticles} - T\_{Fw}\right) = M\_{Fw}C\_{Fw}\frac{dT\_{Fw}}{dt} + h\_1 \left(T\_{Fw} - T\_g\right) \tag{4}$$

where h1, h2, h3, h4, hbþPCMþNanoparticles are demarcated in the Appendix

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

Figure 5. A flowchart to influence a solar still.

been calibrated originally. Solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature have been restrained with solar radiation monitor and digital thermometer. Experimental work analysis of a solar still have been carried out from 6 to 6 am of 24 hours duration with water flowing over the glass cover by absorbing materials deliverable during 2017 at Research Center of Physics, Veltech Multitech Engineering College, Avadi, Chennai—600062 [Latitude 13.1067°N, 80.0970°E], Tamilnadu, India.

2.3 Investigation of thermal modeling by a solar still with effect of absorbing

The solar radiation is absorbing to water flowing by glass cover transported over the absorbing materials with working of inside heat ability accessible in the organization as shown in Figures 1 and 4. The novel design made of fin wick absorbing

Figure 6 the water flowing over the glass cover influence of absorbing materials surface to harvest by a solar still with succeeding suppositions have been prepared

1.The solar still (PCM and nanoparticles) performance of the water flowing over the glass cover during absorbing materials surface of heat ability have been organized full tight of insulation in the scheme and glass cover is negligible.

3.A single-slope single-basin solar still is water flowing over the glass cover,

4.Vapor pressure of water have been made full tight of experimental assumed to be linear with temperature work proof of (P = R1T + R2) single-slope single-

dx dx <sup>¼</sup> <sup>α</sup>fwHsbdx <sup>þ</sup> <sup>h</sup><sup>4</sup> Tg � Tfw

� h<sup>2</sup> Tfw � Ta

þ hbþPCMþNanoparticles TbþPCMþNanoparticles � Ta

dTFw

<sup>¼</sup> <sup>h</sup><sup>4</sup> Tg � Tfw

bdx

bdx (1)

(2)

(3)

dt <sup>þ</sup> <sup>h</sup><sup>1</sup> TFw � Tg

(4)

materials

Water Chemistry

materials following the flowchart Figure 5.

basin solar still is given as:

dTfw

dt dx <sup>þ</sup> mfwcfw

blfwρcfw

224

to different parameters script the energy equilibrium equations.

2.There is no hotness escape of vapor surface in the scheme.

absorbing materials surface and distillate water fragment.

dTfw

Hsα<sup>g</sup> þ h<sup>1</sup> TFw � Tg

<sup>¼</sup> MFwCFw

where h1, h2, h3, h4, hbþPCMþNanoparticles are demarcated in the Appendix

Flowing water with absorbing materials by a solar still

Glass cover with absorbing materials by a solar still

Basin liner with absorbing materials by a solar still

αð Þ <sup>b</sup>þPCMþNanoparticles Hs ¼ h<sup>3</sup> TbþPCMþNanoparticles � TFw

Water mass with absorbing materials by a solar still

αFwHs þ h<sup>3</sup> TbþPCMþNanoparticles � TFw

Figure 6. A solar still with different parameters script form of energy equilibrium equations.

Equation (1), after eliminating Tg from Eq. (2), can be redrafted as

$$\frac{dT\_{fw}}{d\mathfrak{x}} + \mathfrak{a}\_1 T\_{fw} = \mathfrak{a}\_2 T\_{fw} + \mathfrak{a}\_3 \tag{5}$$

where

$$a\_1 = \frac{(\mathbf{h\_4} + \mathbf{h\_2})\mathbf{b}}{m\_{\mathrm{fwC\_{fw}}}} + \frac{\mathbf{h\_4^2}\mathbf{b}}{(\mathbf{h\_4} + \mathbf{h\_2})m\_{\mathrm{fwC\_{fw}}}}$$

$$a\_2 = \frac{(\mathbf{h}\_1 \mathbf{h}\_4)\mathbf{b}}{(\mathbf{h}\_4 + \mathbf{h}\_2)m\_{f\boldsymbol{\nu}\boldsymbol{C}\_{f\boldsymbol{\nu}}}}$$

$$a\_3 = \frac{\alpha\_{\rm fw}\mathbf{H}\_{\rm s}\mathbf{b}}{m\_{f\boldsymbol{\nu}\boldsymbol{C}\_{f\boldsymbol{w}}}} + \frac{\alpha\_{\rm g}\mathbf{H}\_{\rm s}\mathbf{h}\_4\mathbf{b}}{(\mathbf{h}\_4 + \mathbf{h}\_1)m\_{f\boldsymbol{w}\boldsymbol{C}\_{f\boldsymbol{w}}}} + \frac{(\mathbf{h}\_4 + \mathbf{h}\_2)\mathbf{b}}{m\_{f\boldsymbol{w}\boldsymbol{C}\_{f\boldsymbol{w}}}}$$

The explanation of the Eq. (5) can be written as

$$T\_{fw} = \frac{(a\_2 T\_{fw} + a\_3)}{a\_1} + \mathbf{C}e^{-a\_1 t} \tag{6}$$

The explanation of Eq. (6) exposed to the initial conditions by a still

$$T\_{fw} = T\_{fw0} \tag{7}$$

TFwðÞ¼ t

where

b0 a4

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

1 � e

<sup>a</sup><sup>4</sup> <sup>¼</sup> h1 <sup>þ</sup> h2 mFwCFw

<sup>a</sup><sup>5</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>α</sup>Fw mFwCFw

þ

evaporate, then the analysis will be the same.

h3 <sup>þ</sup> hbþPCMþNanoparticles � � <sup>þ</sup>

<sup>a</sup><sup>6</sup> <sup>¼</sup> h3hbþPCMþNanoparticles

of the still is premeditated by

3. Result and discussion

227

� h2

þ

1h1h4 ð Þ h4 þ h1 mFwCFw

h1α<sup>g</sup> ð Þ h4 <sup>þ</sup> h1 mFwCFw � � <sup>b</sup>αfw

by Equation (15), and Tg (t) is calculated from the following relation

h4h1 h4 þ h1

e �a1<sup>t</sup> <sup>þ</sup>

The values of TFw (t) are designed at intervals of ½ hour starting from sun rise

Tgn <sup>¼</sup> Hsα<sup>g</sup> <sup>þ</sup> h1TFwn <sup>þ</sup> h4Tfw h4 þ h1

During off-sunshine hours, solar intensity and ambient temperature terms will

The instantaneous hourly distillate output per unit with absorbing materials area

where Δt mentions to the time interval over which the solar intensity is measured.

Numerical calculations have been made in instruction to escalate the fin with cotton wick (FWCW) and fin with jute wick (FWJW) in the basin surface area. Expending of a still is hourly variations of the data in summer days through the solar intensity and ambient temperature measurement of monitors for two of the

me <sup>¼</sup> hewg TFwð Þ� <sup>t</sup> Tgð Þ<sup>t</sup> � � L

AbþPCMþNanoparticles <sup>Ð</sup>

The efficiency of the proposed structure may be articulated as

<sup>η</sup>% <sup>¼</sup> MeL

�a4<sup>t</sup> ð Þþ TFw0<sup>e</sup>

time dependent component of b (t), and they are in the form

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy…

�a4<sup>t</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

where b<sup>0</sup> is the time independent component of b (t); b<sup>0</sup> is the coefficient of the

b<sup>0</sup> ¼ a5Hs<sup>0</sup> þ a6Ta<sup>0</sup> bn ¼ a5Hsn þ a6Tan

� <sup>h</sup><sup>2</sup>

a2 a1 � � <sup>1</sup> � <sup>e</sup>

n¼1

bn iωn þ a<sup>4</sup>

3 h3 <sup>þ</sup> hbþPCMþNanoparticles � �mFwCFw

h3α<sup>g</sup> h3 <sup>þ</sup> hbþPCMþNanoparticles � �mFwCFw

�a1<sup>t</sup> ð Þ

<sup>a</sup>1mfwCfw ! <sup>1</sup> � <sup>e</sup>

h1h4 ð Þ h4 þ h1

HsΔt

�a1<sup>t</sup> ð Þ

h2b mfwCfw � � <sup>a</sup><sup>3</sup>

� 3600 (17)

� 100 (18)

a1 � � <sup>1</sup> � <sup>e</sup>

�a1<sup>t</sup> ð Þ

(16)

e inω<sup>t</sup> � <sup>e</sup>

�a4<sup>t</sup> � � (15)

for all value of t at x = 0

Substituting the equation for c in Eq. (6), we get

$$T\_{fw} = \frac{(a\_2 T\_{Fw} + a\_3)}{a\_1} [1 - e^{-a\_1 t}] + T\_a e^{-a\_1 t} \tag{8}$$

Equation (8) is the obligatory explicit expressions for the temperatures with fin wick materials and flowing over the glass cover by a still, respectively.

Solar radiation and ambient temperature are episodic in environment these can be Fourier series in the form

$$f(t) = a\_0 + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} (A\_n \cos n\mathbf{t} + B\_n \sin n\mathbf{t}) \tag{9}$$

The flowing water over glass cover with influence of fin wick materials by a solar still of variation with time can be articulated by

$$f(t) = a\_0 + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} A\_n \exp\left(\text{inot}\right)$$

Since, solar radiation and ambient temperature are periodic nature can be Fourier analyzed in the form of the solar still

$$H\_t(t) = H\_0 + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} \mathbf{H}\_m \exp\left(\text{inot}\right) \tag{10}$$

$$T\_a(t) = T\_{a0} + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} T\_{an} \exp\left(\text{inot}\right) \tag{11}$$

$$T\_{\mathfrak{g}}(t) = T\_{\mathfrak{g}^0} + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} T\_{\mathfrak{g}^n} \exp\left(\text{inot}\right) \tag{12}$$

$$T\_{fw}(t) = T\_{fw0} + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} \mathbf{T}\_{\text{fwn}} \exp\left(\text{inot}\right) \tag{13}$$

and

$$T\_{\rm Fw}(t) = T\_{\rm Fwo} + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} T\_{\rm Fwn} \exp\left(\text{inot}\right) \tag{14}$$

where constants Tg0, Tfw0, TFwo, Tgn, Tfwn, TFwn are to be determined by substituting for Hsð Þt , Tað Þt , Tgð Þt , Tfwð Þt and TFwð Þt with help of Eqs. (10)–(14) in Eqs. (2), (4) and (8) can be explained by integration with the initial condition TFw ¼ TFw<sup>0</sup> at t = 0 as

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

$$T\_{Fw}(t) = \frac{b\_0}{a\_4} (1 - e^{-a\_4 t}) + T\_{Fw0} e^{-a\_4 t} + \sum\_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{b\_n}{i \alpha n + a\_4} \left( e^{i \alpha a t} - e^{-a\_4 t} \right) \tag{15}$$

where b<sup>0</sup> is the time independent component of b (t); b<sup>0</sup> is the coefficient of the time dependent component of b (t), and they are in the form

$$b\_0 = a\_5 H\_{s0} + a\_6 T\_{a0}$$

$$b\_n = a\_5 H\_m + a\_6 T\_{an}$$

where

<sup>a</sup><sup>2</sup> <sup>¼</sup> ð Þ h1h4 <sup>b</sup>

<sup>a</sup><sup>3</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>α</sup>fwHsb mfwCfw

The explanation of the Eq. (5) can be written as

Substituting the equation for c in Eq. (6), we get

f tðÞ¼ <sup>a</sup><sup>0</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

solar still of variation with time can be articulated by

rier analyzed in the form of the solar still

Tfw <sup>¼</sup> ð Þ <sup>a</sup>2TFw <sup>þ</sup> <sup>a</sup><sup>3</sup> a1

wick materials and flowing over the glass cover by a still, respectively.

n¼1

f tðÞ¼ <sup>a</sup><sup>0</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

HsðÞ¼ <sup>t</sup> <sup>H</sup><sup>0</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

TaðÞ¼ <sup>t</sup> Ta<sup>0</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

TgðÞ¼ <sup>t</sup> Tg<sup>0</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

TfwðÞ¼ <sup>t</sup> Tfw<sup>0</sup> <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

TFwðÞ¼ <sup>t</sup> TFwo <sup>þ</sup>X<sup>∞</sup>

for all value of t at x = 0

Water Chemistry

be Fourier series in the form

and

226

TFw ¼ TFw<sup>0</sup> at t = 0 as

þ

Tfw <sup>¼</sup> ð Þ <sup>a</sup>2TFw <sup>þ</sup> <sup>a</sup><sup>3</sup> a1

The explanation of Eq. (6) exposed to the initial conditions by a still

ð Þ h4 þ h2 mfwCfw

1 � e

Equation (8) is the obligatory explicit expressions for the temperatures with fin

Solar radiation and ambient temperature are episodic in environment these can

The flowing water over glass cover with influence of fin wick materials by a

n¼1

Since, solar radiation and ambient temperature are periodic nature can be Fou-

n¼1

n¼1

n¼1

n¼1

n¼1

where constants Tg0, Tfw0, TFwo, Tgn, Tfwn, TFwn are to be determined by substituting for Hsð Þt , Tað Þt , Tgð Þt , Tfwð Þt and TFwð Þt with help of Eqs. (10)–(14) in Eqs. (2), (4) and (8) can be explained by integration with the initial condition

�a1<sup>t</sup> ½ �þ Tae

An exp inð Þ ωt

<sup>þ</sup> ð Þ h4 <sup>þ</sup> h2 <sup>b</sup> mfwCfw

Tfw ¼ Tfw<sup>0</sup> (7)

ð Þ An cos nωt þ Bn sin nωt (9)

Hsn exp inð Þ ωt (10)

Tan exp inð Þ ωt (11)

Tgn exp inð Þ ωt (12)

Tfwn exp inð Þ ωt (13)

TFwn exp inð Þ ωt (14)

<sup>þ</sup> Ce�a1<sup>t</sup> (6)

�a1<sup>t</sup> (8)

αgHsh4b ð Þ h4 þ h1 mfwCfw

$$\begin{split} a\_{4} &= \frac{\mathbf{h}\_{1} + \mathbf{h}\_{2}}{m\_{\mathrm{Fw}}C\_{\mathrm{Fw}}} - \frac{\mathbf{h}\_{3}^{2}}{\left(\mathbf{h}\_{3} + \mathbf{h}\_{\mathrm{b} + PCM + \mathrm{Mon}pari}{\mathrm{G}\_{\mathrm{W}}}\right) \mathbf{m}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}\mathbf{C}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}} \\ &- \frac{\mathbf{h}\_{1}^{2}\mathbf{h}\_{1}\mathbf{h}\_{4}}{\left(\mathbf{h}\_{4} + \mathbf{h}\_{1}\right)\mathbf{m}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}\mathbf{C}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}} \left(\frac{a\_{2}}{a\_{1}}\right) \left(1 - e^{-a\_{1}t}\right) \\ a\_{5} &= \frac{a\_{\mathrm{Fw}}}{m\_{\mathrm{Fw}}C\_{\mathrm{Fw}}} + \frac{\mathbf{h}\_{3}\mathbf{a}\_{\mathrm{g}}}{\left(\mathbf{h}\_{3} + \mathbf{h}\_{\mathrm{b} + PCM + \mathrm{Mon}pari}{\mathrm{G}\_{\mathrm{W}}}\right) \mathbf{m}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}\mathbf{C}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}} \\ &+ \left(\frac{\mathbf{h}\_{1}\mathbf{a}\_{\mathrm{g}}}{\left(\mathbf{h}\_{4} + \mathbf{h}\_{1}\right)\mathbf{m}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}\mathbf{C}\_{\mathrm{Fw}}}\right) \left(\frac{b\mathbf{a}\_{\mathrm{g}}}{a\_{1}\mathbf{m}\_{\mathrm{fw}}C\_{\mathrm{fw}}}\right) \left(1 - e^{-a\_{1}t}\right) \\ a\_{6} &= \frac{\mathbf{h}\_{3}\mathbf{h}\_{\mathrm{b} + PCM + \mathrm{Mon}pari}{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{C} + \mathrm{Mon}pari}{\mathrm{M}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{C} + \mathrm{Mon}\mathrm$$

The values of TFw (t) are designed at intervals of ½ hour starting from sun rise by Equation (15), and Tg (t) is calculated from the following relation

$$T\_{\rm gv} = \frac{\mathbf{H\_s}\mathbf{a\_g} + \mathbf{h\_1}\mathbf{T\_{Fwn}} + \mathbf{h\_4}\mathbf{T\_{fw}}}{\mathbf{h\_4} + \mathbf{h\_1}} \tag{16}$$

During off-sunshine hours, solar intensity and ambient temperature terms will evaporate, then the analysis will be the same.

The instantaneous hourly distillate output per unit with absorbing materials area of the still is premeditated by

$$m\_{\epsilon} = \frac{\mathbf{h}\_{\text{ewg}} \left( \mathbf{T}\_{\text{Fw}}(\mathbf{t}) - \mathbf{T}\_{\text{g}}(\mathbf{t}) \right)}{\mathbf{L}} \times \mathbf{3600} \tag{17}$$

The efficiency of the proposed structure may be articulated as

$$\eta\% = \frac{M\_t L}{A\_{b+PCM+Manparities} \int H s \Delta t} \times 100 \tag{18}$$

where Δt mentions to the time interval over which the solar intensity is measured.

#### 3. Result and discussion

Numerical calculations have been made in instruction to escalate the fin with cotton wick (FWCW) and fin with jute wick (FWJW) in the basin surface area. Expending of a still is hourly variations of the data in summer days through the solar intensity and ambient temperature measurement of monitors for two of the typical days in 2017 at Chennai weather conditions, the Fourier coefficients of solar intensity and ambient temperature have been evaluated to (6 to �6) harmonics of the Fourier series. The water flowing over the glass cover with influence of FWCW and FWJW of the solar still following parameters have been evaluated the instantaneous thermal efficiency of the suggested solar still.

Ag = 1.69 m<sup>2</sup> , τ<sup>g</sup> = 0.75, Aw = 1.69 m2 , Mw = Mfw = 12 kg, ε<sup>g</sup> = 0.88, <sup>σ</sup> <sup>=</sup> 5.66 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>8</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup> K4 , α<sup>g</sup> = 0.05, Cw = 4190 J/kg, V = 1.4 m/K = 0.038 W/mK, <sup>h</sup><sup>1</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 22.52 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; <sup>h</sup><sup>2</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 15.64 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; <sup>h</sup><sup>3</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 137.05 W/m2 °C; <sup>h</sup><sup>4</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 135.5 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; hb <sup>¼</sup> 0.7686 W/m2 °C; hew <sup>¼</sup> 14.01 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; hi <sup>¼</sup> 6.27 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; Ki <sup>¼</sup> 0.04 W/ m°C; <sup>L</sup> <sup>=</sup> 2372.52 kJ/kg; li <sup>=</sup> 0.05 m; <sup>ω</sup> <sup>=</sup> 7.2722 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup> <sup>s</sup> �1 ; τ<sup>w</sup> ¼ 0:1; τfw ¼ 0:0; <sup>τ</sup><sup>b</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>0</sup>:6; <sup>α</sup>fw <sup>¼</sup> <sup>α</sup><sup>w</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>α</sup><sup>b</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 0.88; <sup>ρ</sup> <sup>=</sup> 1000.0 kg/m<sup>3</sup> ; Cw ¼ Cfw ¼ 4190 J/kg °C.

The solar still have been implemented for high thermal energy accumulation through benefit of PCM and nanoparticles immersed by solar intensity and ambient temperature for 2 days with absorbing wick materials, i.e., FWCW and FWJW in summer typical days have been shown in the Figure 7. Expending of the absorbing materials has been implemented for Fourier coefficients in Hs and Ta in 2017 at Chennai in Tamilnadu, India. It is traceable that the (6 to �6) harmonics used in design is adequate for the convergence of the Fourier series. The hourly variation of solar still have same trend for all the days and solar radiation appears to be supreme among 12–2 pm.

Numerically designed and experimental annotations of with and without PCM and nanoparticles using in the basin liner to more increases of FWCW, FWJW temperature, glass cover temperature and flowing over the water temperature of the optional solar still have been expected in Figures 8A and 9. It is clear that the merchandise of FWCW, FWJW temperature through experimental and theoretical consequences have the equivalent tendency. The innovative solar still has been manufactured through a thermal application of internal heat transfer modes to construction of numerous parameters enhancement occupation to originate of basin liner stable of PCM temperature (copper coils) and black paint dye miscellaneous nanoparticles (basin) temperature and more engross solar radiation in the organi-

Figure 8.

Figure 9.

229

nanoparticles of the solar still.

(A and B) PCM and nanoparticles influence of hourly variations with temperature for FWCW, FWJW, glass

Hourly variation of production rate of absorbing materials in comparison with and without drip, PCM and

cover, flowing water, and basin (nanoparticles) temperature of the solar still.

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy…

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

Figure 7. Hourly variations of solar radiation and ambient temperature absorb by a solar still.

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

#### Figure 8.

typical days in 2017 at Chennai weather conditions, the Fourier coefficients of solar intensity and ambient temperature have been evaluated to (6 to �6) harmonics of the Fourier series. The water flowing over the glass cover with influence of FWCW and FWJW of the solar still following parameters have been evaluated the instanta-

<sup>h</sup><sup>1</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 22.52 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; <sup>h</sup><sup>2</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 15.64 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; <sup>h</sup><sup>3</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 137.05 W/m2 °C; <sup>h</sup><sup>4</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 135.5 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; hb <sup>¼</sup> 0.7686 W/m2 °C; hew <sup>¼</sup> 14.01 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; hi <sup>¼</sup> 6.27 W/m<sup>2</sup> °C; Ki <sup>¼</sup> 0.04 W/

The solar still have been implemented for high thermal energy accumulation through benefit of PCM and nanoparticles immersed by solar intensity and ambient temperature for 2 days with absorbing wick materials, i.e., FWCW and FWJW in summer typical days have been shown in the Figure 7. Expending of the absorbing materials has been implemented for Fourier coefficients in Hs and Ta in 2017 at Chennai in Tamilnadu, India. It is traceable that the (6 to �6) harmonics used in design is adequate for the convergence of the Fourier series. The hourly variation of solar still have same trend for all the days and solar radiation appears to be supreme

Numerically designed and experimental annotations of with and without PCM and nanoparticles using in the basin liner to more increases of FWCW, FWJW temperature, glass cover temperature and flowing over the water temperature of the optional solar still have been expected in Figures 8A and 9. It is clear that the merchandise of FWCW, FWJW temperature through experimental and theoretical consequences have the equivalent tendency. The innovative solar still has been manufactured through a thermal application of internal heat transfer modes to construction of numerous parameters enhancement occupation to originate of basin liner stable of PCM temperature (copper coils) and black paint dye miscellaneous nanoparticles (basin) temperature and more engross solar radiation in the organi-

, Mw = Mfw = 12 kg, ε<sup>g</sup> = 0.88,

�1

; τ<sup>w</sup> ¼ 0:1; τfw ¼ 0:0;

; Cw ¼ Cfw ¼ 4190 J/kg °C.

, α<sup>g</sup> = 0.05, Cw = 4190 J/kg, V = 1.4 m/K = 0.038 W/mK,

neous thermal efficiency of the suggested solar still.

K4

<sup>τ</sup><sup>b</sup> <sup>¼</sup> <sup>0</sup>:6; <sup>α</sup>fw <sup>¼</sup> <sup>α</sup><sup>w</sup> <sup>=</sup> <sup>α</sup><sup>b</sup> <sup>¼</sup> 0.88; <sup>ρ</sup> <sup>=</sup> 1000.0 kg/m<sup>3</sup>

, τ<sup>g</sup> = 0.75, Aw = 1.69 m2

m°C; <sup>L</sup> <sup>=</sup> 2372.52 kJ/kg; li <sup>=</sup> 0.05 m; <sup>ω</sup> <sup>=</sup> 7.2722 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>5</sup> <sup>s</sup>

Hourly variations of solar radiation and ambient temperature absorb by a solar still.

Ag = 1.69 m<sup>2</sup>

Water Chemistry

among 12–2 pm.

Figure 7.

228

<sup>σ</sup> <sup>=</sup> 5.66 � <sup>10</sup>�<sup>8</sup> W/m<sup>2</sup>

(A and B) PCM and nanoparticles influence of hourly variations with temperature for FWCW, FWJW, glass cover, flowing water, and basin (nanoparticles) temperature of the solar still.

#### Figure 9.

Hourly variation of production rate of absorbing materials in comparison with and without drip, PCM and nanoparticles of the solar still.

zation to hourly variation of temperature to established in exposed Figure 8B, through of PCM and nanoparticles using in the basin liner.

The hourly variation to manufacture rate of FWCW and FWJW temperature, glass cover temperature, flowing over the water temperature for the basin liner to use in PCM and nanoparticles preparation of absorbing materials through dripping pure saline water to continue least water depth has been compared to with and without PCM and nanoparticles of expressions in Figure 10. From the diagram it is clear that with PCM and nanoparticles of saline water in the absorbing materials illustrations augmented rate of evaporation due to the large temperature difference between absorbing materials and glass cover temperature. The temperature

variance among the absorbing materials and glass cover temperature without PCM and nanoparticles are small due to huge thermal ability and the amount of evaporation is moderate. The supreme FWCW and FWJW distillate harvest of the structure is 0.469 and 0.415 kg/m2 30 minutes during 12.30–2 pm and without PCM and nanoparticles 0.250 and 0.244 kg/m<sup>2</sup> 30 minutes. The whole FWCW and FWJW distillate harvest during 9 am–17 pm is found to 6.699 and 5.659 kg/m2 and without

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy…

solar still through PCM and nanoparticles except to FWCW and FWJW has been distributed with a progressive sunshine distillate harvest as well as nocturnal output in 2.730 and 2.130 kg/m2 nightly concentrate produce. Over 24 hours cycle, the overall FWCW and FWJW manufacture of the anticipated structure is found to be 9.429 and 7.789 kg/m<sup>2</sup> day and without PCM and nanoparticles is found to be 5.234 and 4.434 kg/m<sup>2</sup> day. Numerical results from FWCW, FWJW, glass cover, flowing over the water, basin liner temperature are in neighboring agreement through the

The absorbing materials instantaneous efficiency of the suggested structure has been established for exposed in the Figure 11. The absorptive of the wick surface are noteworthy working parameter of the solar still and should be inactive optimal to provide enhanced efficiency. The water flowing over the glass cover to influence of instantaneous overall efficiency in FWCW, FWJW with and without PCM and nanoparticles to varies of absorbing materials from 70.02 to 46.69% and 31.19 to 24.62%, respectively. It has clearly reflected that the instantaneous distillate harvest with PCM and nanoparticles to water flowing over the glass cover influence solar still is found to be 25% higher than the without PCM and nanoparticles of the solar still. Furthermore the theoretical results authenticated through the experimental

explanations are rather good as there is no aberration in the tendency.

vapor heaviness of productivity water to the enhancement.

Numerical results from FWCW, FWJW, glass cover, flowing over the water, basin liner temperature in neighboring agreement through of the solar still have been observed energy to form into heat to force of a higher efficiency and compare to the upsurge in saturated vapor pressure is substantiated by Huang et al. and Shanmugan et al. [26, 27] augmentation is pretentious for a nanoparticle and found that to be hydrophobic nanoparticles and PCM assistance to the fast evaporation to

Modulation of absorbing materials to absorb energy to a solar still for 24 hours output with and without PCM

. Hence, peak luminous during of the

PCM and nanoparticles 3.343 and 3.014 kg/m2

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

experimental observations.

Figure 12.

231

and nanoparticles.

#### Figure 10.

Hourly variation of distillate production rate of with and without PCM and nanoparticles testing with absorbing materials.

#### Figure 11.

Hourly variations of absorbing materials of instantaneous energy efficiency with and without PCM and nanoparticles of the solar still.

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

variance among the absorbing materials and glass cover temperature without PCM and nanoparticles are small due to huge thermal ability and the amount of evaporation is moderate. The supreme FWCW and FWJW distillate harvest of the structure is 0.469 and 0.415 kg/m2 30 minutes during 12.30–2 pm and without PCM and nanoparticles 0.250 and 0.244 kg/m<sup>2</sup> 30 minutes. The whole FWCW and FWJW distillate harvest during 9 am–17 pm is found to 6.699 and 5.659 kg/m2 and without PCM and nanoparticles 3.343 and 3.014 kg/m2 . Hence, peak luminous during of the solar still through PCM and nanoparticles except to FWCW and FWJW has been distributed with a progressive sunshine distillate harvest as well as nocturnal output in 2.730 and 2.130 kg/m2 nightly concentrate produce. Over 24 hours cycle, the overall FWCW and FWJW manufacture of the anticipated structure is found to be 9.429 and 7.789 kg/m<sup>2</sup> day and without PCM and nanoparticles is found to be 5.234 and 4.434 kg/m<sup>2</sup> day. Numerical results from FWCW, FWJW, glass cover, flowing over the water, basin liner temperature are in neighboring agreement through the experimental observations.

The absorbing materials instantaneous efficiency of the suggested structure has been established for exposed in the Figure 11. The absorptive of the wick surface are noteworthy working parameter of the solar still and should be inactive optimal to provide enhanced efficiency. The water flowing over the glass cover to influence of instantaneous overall efficiency in FWCW, FWJW with and without PCM and nanoparticles to varies of absorbing materials from 70.02 to 46.69% and 31.19 to 24.62%, respectively. It has clearly reflected that the instantaneous distillate harvest with PCM and nanoparticles to water flowing over the glass cover influence solar still is found to be 25% higher than the without PCM and nanoparticles of the solar still. Furthermore the theoretical results authenticated through the experimental explanations are rather good as there is no aberration in the tendency.

Numerical results from FWCW, FWJW, glass cover, flowing over the water, basin liner temperature in neighboring agreement through of the solar still have been observed energy to form into heat to force of a higher efficiency and compare to the upsurge in saturated vapor pressure is substantiated by Huang et al. and Shanmugan et al. [26, 27] augmentation is pretentious for a nanoparticle and found that to be hydrophobic nanoparticles and PCM assistance to the fast evaporation to vapor heaviness of productivity water to the enhancement.

#### Figure 12.

Modulation of absorbing materials to absorb energy to a solar still for 24 hours output with and without PCM and nanoparticles.

zation to hourly variation of temperature to established in exposed Figure 8B,

between absorbing materials and glass cover temperature. The temperature

Hourly variation of distillate production rate of with and without PCM and nanoparticles testing with

Hourly variations of absorbing materials of instantaneous energy efficiency with and without PCM and

The hourly variation to manufacture rate of FWCW and FWJW temperature, glass cover temperature, flowing over the water temperature for the basin liner to use in PCM and nanoparticles preparation of absorbing materials through dripping pure saline water to continue least water depth has been compared to with and without PCM and nanoparticles of expressions in Figure 10. From the diagram it is clear that with PCM and nanoparticles of saline water in the absorbing materials illustrations augmented rate of evaporation due to the large temperature difference

through of PCM and nanoparticles using in the basin liner.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

230

nanoparticles of the solar still.

absorbing materials.

Water Chemistry

v. The investigation of absorbing materials to water flowing glass cover with influence of PCM and nanoparticles for enhancement of a solar still analyses of solar intensity and ambient temperature with 6 to �6 harmonics are used

and found to be a good representation of the observed variation.

Strategies in Absorbing Materials Productivity (H2O) of Renewable Energy…

CFw � cfw specific heat of fin wick and flowing water (J/kg °C)

tom insulation (W/m<sup>2</sup> °C)

h<sup>3</sup> convective heat transfer coefficient from PCM and

h<sup>4</sup> convective heat transfer coefficient from glass cover to flowing water (W/m<sup>2</sup> °C)

lw the thickness of flowing water over the glass covers (m)

R<sup>1</sup> and R<sup>2</sup> two constants obtained from saturation vapor data (°C)

TbþPCMþNanoparticles temperature of the PCM and nanoparticles basin surface

α<sup>b</sup>þPCMþNanoparticles energy absorptivity of PCM and nanoparticles basin surface

TFw temperature of the fin wick water surface (°C)

αFw energy absorptivity of fin wick water mass αfw energy absorptivity of flowing water

glass cover (W/m2 °C)

MFw fin wick mass in the basin surface area (kg)

ew evaporative heat transfer rate <sup>W</sup>=m<sup>2</sup> ð Þ

mfw mass of flowing water rate (kg/m<sup>2</sup>

Ta temperature of the ambient (°C)

area (°C) Tg temperature of the glass covers (°C) Tfw flowing water temperature (°C)

Ts surface temperature of the sun (°CÞ

area α<sup>g</sup> energy absorptivity of glass cover

η energy efficiency of the still

<sup>Q</sup>\_ heat flux of the still <sup>W</sup>=m<sup>2</sup> ð Þ

)

heat use of PCM and nanoparticles to ambient through bot-

hbþPCMþNanoparticles overall bottom heat loss coefficient from basin liner improve

h<sup>1</sup> total heat transfer coefficient from fin wick water surface to

h<sup>2</sup> convective and radiative heat transfer coefficient from water

flow cooling glass cover to ambient (W/m<sup>2</sup> °C)

nanoparticles by basin liner to water mass (W/m2 °C)

h)

b breadth of the solar still (m)

Hs solar radiation (W/m<sup>2</sup>

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88114

Nomenclature

q\_

Greek letters

Abbreviation

233

FWCW fin with cotton wick FWJW fin with jute wick

Figure 13. Comparison of flowing water over the glass, drip, PCM and nanoparticles of overall (absorbing materials) efficiency of the solar still.

Figure 12, modulation of flowing water over the glass to high enhancement of FWCM in basin solar still have been compared to with and without PCM and nanoparticles total productivity (24 hours) on 9.429 kg/m<sup>2</sup> day. Figure 13 is the photograph of comparison of flowing water over the glass, drip, PCM and nanoparticles of overall high efficiency of the solar still.
