**Table 1.** *Summary of the accumulation of heavy metals in prawns from Ossiomo River collected from designated stations from March 2015 to August 2016.*

**159**

**Parameters**

Fe Zn Mn

Cu Pb Cr Cd

Ni

V *Organization.*

**Table 2.**

*Summary of the accumulation of heavy metals in crab from Ossiomo River collected from designated stations from March 2015 to August 2016.*

mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.01

0.01 ± 0.02

0.64 ± 0.27

1.98 ± 1.60

66.59 ± 21.15

154.55 ± 41.40

**Units**

**Station 1** **Mean ± SD**

**Mean ± SD** 203.42 ± 76.29 92.99 ± 31.40

3.68 ± 2.59 1.13 ± 0.74 0.03 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00

**Mean ± SD** 167.86 ± 118.00

66.80 ± 51.76

3.31 ± 2.95 0.88 ± 0.78 0.03 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 *Most of the parameters were measured in mg/kg; p < 0.05, significant difference; p > 0.05, no significant difference. NS, not specified; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; WHO, World Health* 

**Mean ± SD** 170.28 ± 113.14

69.73 ± 50.92

3.57 ± 3.11 0.95 ± 0.81 0.04 ± 0.04 0.02 ± 0.03 0.02 ± 0.03 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00

0.00

—

0.00

—

0.23

p > 0.05

0.5

NS

NS

0.34

p > 0.05

0.19

p > 0.05

0.5

NS

0.03

p < 0.05

0.02

p < 0.05

0.02

p < 0.05

0.02

p < 0.05

100 100 1.0

**Station 2**

**Station 3**

**Station 4**

**p-values**

**Significance**

*Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Bioaccumulation Factor of Some Trace and Heavy…*

30

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88103*

**[27] limits**

*Crustacea*



*Summary of the accumulation of heavy metals in crab from Ossiomo River collected from designated stations from March 2015 to August 2016.*

#### *Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Bioaccumulation Factor of Some Trace and Heavy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88103*

*Crustacea*

**158**

**Parameters**

Fe Zn Mn

Cu Pb Cr Cd

Ni

V *Organization.*

**Table 1.**

*Summary of the accumulation of heavy metals in prawns from Ossiomo River collected from designated stations from March 2015 to August 2016.*

mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1 mg kg−1

0.00 ± 0.00

0.00 ± 0.00

0.01 ± 0.02

0.00 ± 0.00

0.01 ± 0.01

0.39 ± 0.32

1.61 ± 1.41

45.82 ± 22.46

120.99 ± 43.95

**Units**

**Station 1** **Mean ± SD**

**Mean ± SD** 150.45 ± 71.66

52.13 ± 23.26

1.94 ± 1.16 0.73 ± 0.48 0.02 ± 0.02 0.01 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00

**Mean ± SD** 148.48 ± 86.88

57.79 ± 21.14

2.08 ± 1.68 0.72 ± 0.57 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.02 ± 0.02 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00 *Most of the parameters were measured in mg/kg; p < 0.05, significant difference; p > 0.05, no significant difference. NS, not specified; FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization; WHO, World Health* 

**Mean ± SD**

119.16 ± 49.36

53.06 ± 18.55

1.13 ± 0.46 0.66 ± 0.32 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.01 ± 0.01 0.00 ± 0.00 0.00 ± 0.00

0.00

—

0.00

—

0.62

p > 0.05

0.5

NS

NS

0.05

p < 0.05

0.02

p < 0.05

0.5

NS

0.04

p < 0.05

30

0.04

p < 0.05

1.0

0.32

p > 0.05

100

0.25

p > 0.05

100

**Station 2**

**Station 3**

**Station 4**

**p-values**

**Significant**

**[27] limits**

hemocyanin [29] and metalloenzymes [30] respectively. An appreciable increase in the values of Mn in the whole tissue of freshwater decapods has been associated with a combination of factors such as co-factor [1, 30–32]. More so, high concentration of iron in the sediment and decapods can possibly be related to its presence in cytochromes and proteins [28, 32].

A high accumulation of Fe in the whole tissues of *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* and *Sudanonautes africanus* has been established by [28]. This is because Fe in the Nigerian soil and sediment is naturally very high beyond slated thresholds and tends to accumulate and transcend or magnify in benthic macroinvertebrates [24, 33–35].

Freshwater fauna are well known to be discriminatory in metal accumulation [36]. Antón et al. and Hopkin [37, 38], stated that decapods regulate their net assimilation of metals, which need about 0.07 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> of Zn and 0.08 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> of Cu to trigger the enzymes and respiratory proteins. The high levels of heavy metals in aquatic biotas are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them [1, 36]. The effects of metals in the surroundings, rest on to a great magnitude on whether they exist in forms that can be assimilated by plants or animals [36]. Some freshwater decapods are bottom feeders and are generally expected to concentrate more metals than surface feeders like shrimp. The accumulation of metals in their muscles may be either dosage or time-reliant. This may therefore be contemplative of the amount of metals in the ecosystem [37–41].

#### **3.3 Bioaccumulation factor: designated trace and heavy metals and impact in freshwater** *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* **and** *Sudanonautes africanus*

**Table 3** shows the computed bioaccumulation factor for the different trace and heavy metals in the whole body tissue of freshwater prawn and crab. It was observed that the concentration of the BAFs of heavy metals of prawn as compared with that of crab was distinct with varied increase in values greater than 1 (BAFs > 1) Fe (2.68) in prawn and Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cr (1.30, 1.45, 1.77, 1.41, 1.81, and 4.52) in crab as related to their sediment concentrations. It was noticed that Cr had the highest value of accumulation in crab.


#### **Table 3.**

*Results of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of trace and heavy metals in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) and crab (Sudanonautes africanus) in Ossiomo River.*

**161**

*Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Bioaccumulation Factor of Some Trace and Heavy…*

Iron, is the richest element in the Earth's crust [42]. The two oxidation states of Fe; ferrous (Fe2+), and ferric (Fe3+) account for their Fenton chemical reactions in aquatic fauna via combination with their macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates) [43]. On the other hand, ferric iron is virtually insoluble in aqueous solution and can bioaccumulated in freshwater fauna (decapods) in their tissues [44] and even biomagnified along the food chain thereby impeding the

Iron is very vital to quite a lot of life processes; manufacturing of DNA, the respiratory electron transport chain, as well as oxygen storage and transport. However, level of Fe beyond the threshold in fauna muscles can result to conjunctivitis, choroids, and retinitis [45] pneumoconiosis, called siderosis [46] and the risk

Zinc is one of the essential trace metals in nature. Aquatic fauna depends on it for their survival. Zinc is made up of about 200 metalloenzymes and other metabolic components guaranteeing permanency of the DNA and its assemblies; nuclear membranes, nucleolus and protein structures (ribosomes) [41]. Excessive consumption of

The composition of zinc found in the tissue of decapods has been investigated to be intrinsically high which will possibly biomaginify in tissues at much higher levels [48–52]. Possible impact of Zn toxicity in freshwater decapods is in the gills, and abdominal muscle which has been confirmed in juvenile of decapods [53, 54]. This might be basically linked to the comparatively greater and more pervious body

This is a crucial trace metal which can be seriously noxious upon persistent contact through ingestion above threshold limits. The basic dietary requirements of Mn are fulfilled through food intake [55–57], but with little noxious effects from air and water. This is a great concern to individuals who will consume freshwater of *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* and *Sudanonautes africanus* with elevated amounts of Mn

Possible conditions linked to Mn toxicity are schizophrenia, dreariness, weak brute force, head tremor and sleeplessness [58, 59]. Chronic impacts of Mn are hepatopancreas, lung, liver and vascular instabilities, deteriorations in body fluid

Like manganese, copper is found naturally in the surroundings and also crucial for normal growth and metabolic rate of all fauna [60] especially the aquatic ones. Copper contributes immensely to the cellular metalloprotein-hemocyanin in freshwater decapods [49, 61]. However, fairly low copper contents are found in the muscles of freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* [28]*.* Freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* cannot be compared to their counterpart; crayfish, which is very valuable for evaluating

pressure, failure in growth of fauna fetuses and brain impairment.

bioavailability of Cu in water environments [62, 63].

of pulmonary cancer when ingested or inhaled by humans [43].

Zn can result to a diverse compulsive health impact on humans [47].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88103*

*3.3.1 Iron (Fe)*

health status of humans.

nature of the juveniles [41].

*3.3.3 Manganese (Mn)*

accumulated in them.

*3.3.4 Copper (Cu)*

*3.3.2 Zinc (Zn)*

*Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Bioaccumulation Factor of Some Trace and Heavy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88103*

#### *3.3.1 Iron (Fe)*

*Crustacea*

cytochromes and proteins [28, 32].

assimilation of metals, which need about 0.07 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

that Cr had the highest value of accumulation in crab.

*rosenbergii) and crab (Sudanonautes africanus) in Ossiomo River.*

brates [24, 33–35].

ecosystem [37–41].

hemocyanin [29] and metalloenzymes [30] respectively. An appreciable increase in the values of Mn in the whole tissue of freshwater decapods has been associated with a combination of factors such as co-factor [1, 30–32]. More so, high concentration of iron in the sediment and decapods can possibly be related to its presence in

A high accumulation of Fe in the whole tissues of *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* and *Sudanonautes africanus* has been established by [28]. This is because Fe in the Nigerian soil and sediment is naturally very high beyond slated thresholds and tends to accumulate and transcend or magnify in benthic macroinverte-

Freshwater fauna are well known to be discriminatory in metal accumulation [36]. Antón et al. and Hopkin [37, 38], stated that decapods regulate their net

of Cu to trigger the enzymes and respiratory proteins. The high levels of heavy metals in aquatic biotas are of particular interest because of the potential risk to humans who consume them [1, 36]. The effects of metals in the surroundings, rest on to a great magnitude on whether they exist in forms that can be assimilated by plants or animals [36]. Some freshwater decapods are bottom feeders and are generally expected to concentrate more metals than surface feeders like shrimp. The accumulation of metals in their muscles may be either dosage or time-reliant. This may therefore be contemplative of the amount of metals in the

**3.3 Bioaccumulation factor: designated trace and heavy metals and impact in freshwater** *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* **and** *Sudanonautes africanus*

**Table 3** shows the computed bioaccumulation factor for the different trace and heavy metals in the whole body tissue of freshwater prawn and crab. It was observed that the concentration of the BAFs of heavy metals of prawn as compared with that of crab was distinct with varied increase in values greater than 1 (BAFs > 1) Fe (2.68) in prawn and Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cr (1.30, 1.45, 1.77, 1.41, 1.81, and 4.52) in crab as related to their sediment concentrations. It was noticed

*Results of bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of trace and heavy metals in freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium* 

of Zn and 0.08 mg kg<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

**160**

**Table 3.**

Iron, is the richest element in the Earth's crust [42]. The two oxidation states of Fe; ferrous (Fe2+), and ferric (Fe3+) account for their Fenton chemical reactions in aquatic fauna via combination with their macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates) [43]. On the other hand, ferric iron is virtually insoluble in aqueous solution and can bioaccumulated in freshwater fauna (decapods) in their tissues [44] and even biomagnified along the food chain thereby impeding the health status of humans.

Iron is very vital to quite a lot of life processes; manufacturing of DNA, the respiratory electron transport chain, as well as oxygen storage and transport. However, level of Fe beyond the threshold in fauna muscles can result to conjunctivitis, choroids, and retinitis [45] pneumoconiosis, called siderosis [46] and the risk of pulmonary cancer when ingested or inhaled by humans [43].

#### *3.3.2 Zinc (Zn)*

Zinc is one of the essential trace metals in nature. Aquatic fauna depends on it for their survival. Zinc is made up of about 200 metalloenzymes and other metabolic components guaranteeing permanency of the DNA and its assemblies; nuclear membranes, nucleolus and protein structures (ribosomes) [41]. Excessive consumption of Zn can result to a diverse compulsive health impact on humans [47].

The composition of zinc found in the tissue of decapods has been investigated to be intrinsically high which will possibly biomaginify in tissues at much higher levels [48–52]. Possible impact of Zn toxicity in freshwater decapods is in the gills, and abdominal muscle which has been confirmed in juvenile of decapods [53, 54]. This might be basically linked to the comparatively greater and more pervious body nature of the juveniles [41].

#### *3.3.3 Manganese (Mn)*

This is a crucial trace metal which can be seriously noxious upon persistent contact through ingestion above threshold limits. The basic dietary requirements of Mn are fulfilled through food intake [55–57], but with little noxious effects from air and water. This is a great concern to individuals who will consume freshwater of *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* and *Sudanonautes africanus* with elevated amounts of Mn accumulated in them.

Possible conditions linked to Mn toxicity are schizophrenia, dreariness, weak brute force, head tremor and sleeplessness [58, 59]. Chronic impacts of Mn are hepatopancreas, lung, liver and vascular instabilities, deteriorations in body fluid pressure, failure in growth of fauna fetuses and brain impairment.

#### *3.3.4 Copper (Cu)*

Like manganese, copper is found naturally in the surroundings and also crucial for normal growth and metabolic rate of all fauna [60] especially the aquatic ones. Copper contributes immensely to the cellular metalloprotein-hemocyanin in freshwater decapods [49, 61]. However, fairly low copper contents are found in the muscles of freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* [28]*.*

Freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* cannot be compared to their counterpart; crayfish, which is very valuable for evaluating bioavailability of Cu in water environments [62, 63].

#### *3.3.5 Lead (Pb)*

This element is neither crucial nor valuable to aquatic fauna and causes series of health conditions in the biota [40, 60] and subsequently probable risk impact to man via the food chain [1]. Pb can be introduced into a freshwater ecosystem via lithogenic form; re-suspension of the bottom sediment by benthic dwellers [1, 24] or via anthropogenic inputs; fertilizers and pesticides.

The amount of lead accumulated in freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* has been investigated to be fairly below the benchmark limits of [27]. Previous studies have stated that the amount of Pb found in muscles of decapods were also in line of the benchmark limit [54, 64–67]. Contrary, [68] observed a high concentration (0.15 mg l<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> ) of Pb in the gonads of the freshwater crab, *Potamonautes perlatus*.

At low concentrations, Pb may result to a variety of health effects, including behavioral problems and learning disabilities [58]. Lead affects the central and peripheral nervous systems, eventually causing neurological and behavioral disorders in patients [69]. Lead has been found to be carcinogenic and also a probable enzyme stimulating effect [70], which interferes with fertility and causes renal damage.

#### *3.3.6 Chromium (Cr)*

This is a crucial element that has high noxious level [71]. Chromium has been found to be very high in the muscles of certain decapods [41, 54–67, 72]. However, study on freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* revealed fairly low amount of Cr in their whole tissue [28].

#### *3.3.7 Cadmium (Cd)*

This is not an essential element and has high potential for teratogenicity, cancer-causing, and high latency for kidney toxicity at the chronic stage if ingested via food [72, 73].

Bioaccumulation of residue Cd in aquatic ecosystems and decapods whole tissue have been described to have a positive relationship consequent on the biota closeness to point source [9, 74–78].

#### *3.3.8 Nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V)*

Nickel and vanadium are universal elements recognized for their noxiousness, persistence, and likeness for bio-accumulation [60]. However, they were below detectable limits (BDL) in *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* in this study [28]. This might be as a result of the geo-formation of the ecosystem and lack of the use of Ni and V related materials around the study terrain.

#### **4. Conclusions**

The assessment of metal accumulation and bioaccumulation factor of some trace and heavy metals in freshwater prawn and crab (*Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii*) have shown that the metal accumulation were in this ranks: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb = Cd > Cr = Ni = V and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cr = C d > Ni = V. The BAFs values obtained were observed to be greater than 1 (BAFs > 1) for Fe (2.68) in prawn and also for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cr (1.30, 1.45, 1.77, 1.41, 1.81, and 4.52) in crab as related to their sediment concentrations. It was noticed

**163**

*Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Bioaccumulation Factor of Some Trace and Heavy…*

muscles of crab might constitute probable serious health risk.

that Zn and Cr had the highest bioaccumulation factors in prawn and crab respectively. Chromium has been observed to be carcinogenic. Consumption of Cr in the

We are grateful to the Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo University and the Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria for permitting us to carry out

\* and John Ovie Olomukoro2

1 Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo University,

2 Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Science,

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

\*Address all correspondence to: osikemekha.anani@edouniversity.edu.ng

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88103*

this research using their laboratory facilities.

We declare no conflict of interest.

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

**Author details**

Osikemekha Anthony Anani1

Auchi, Iyamho, Edo, Nigeria

University of Benin, Benin, Edo, Nigeria

provided the original work is properly cited.

*Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Bioaccumulation Factor of Some Trace and Heavy… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88103*

that Zn and Cr had the highest bioaccumulation factors in prawn and crab respectively. Chromium has been observed to be carcinogenic. Consumption of Cr in the muscles of crab might constitute probable serious health risk.

## **Acknowledgements**

*Crustacea*

*3.3.5 Lead (Pb)*

This element is neither crucial nor valuable to aquatic fauna and causes series of health conditions in the biota [40, 60] and subsequently probable risk impact to man via the food chain [1]. Pb can be introduced into a freshwater ecosystem via lithogenic form; re-suspension of the bottom sediment by benthic dwellers [1, 24]

The amount of lead accumulated in freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* has been investigated to be fairly below the benchmark limits of [27]. Previous studies have stated that the amount of Pb found in muscles of decapods were also in line of the benchmark limit [54, 64–67]. Contrary, [68]

At low concentrations, Pb may result to a variety of health effects, including behavioral problems and learning disabilities [58]. Lead affects the central and peripheral nervous systems, eventually causing neurological and behavioral disorders in patients [69]. Lead has been found to be carcinogenic and also a probable enzyme stimulating effect [70], which interferes with fertility and causes renal damage.

This is a crucial element that has high noxious level [71]. Chromium has been found to be very high in the muscles of certain decapods [41, 54–67, 72]. However, study on freshwater *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* revealed

This is not an essential element and has high potential for teratogenicity, cancer-causing, and high latency for kidney toxicity at the chronic stage if ingested

Bioaccumulation of residue Cd in aquatic ecosystems and decapods whole tissue have been described to have a positive relationship consequent on the biota close-

Nickel and vanadium are universal elements recognized for their noxiousness, persistence, and likeness for bio-accumulation [60]. However, they were below detectable limits (BDL) in *Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii* in this study [28]. This might be as a result of the geo-formation of the ecosystem and

The assessment of metal accumulation and bioaccumulation factor of some trace and heavy metals in freshwater prawn and crab (*Sudanonautes africanus* and *Macrobrachium rosenbergii*) have shown that the metal accumulation were in this ranks: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb = Cd > Cr = Ni = V and Fe > Zn > Mn > Cu > Pb > Cr = C d > Ni = V. The BAFs values obtained were observed to be greater than 1 (BAFs > 1) for Fe (2.68) in prawn and also for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb and Cr (1.30, 1.45, 1.77, 1.41, 1.81, and 4.52) in crab as related to their sediment concentrations. It was noticed

lack of the use of Ni and V related materials around the study terrain.

) of Pb in the gonads of the freshwater

or via anthropogenic inputs; fertilizers and pesticides.

observed a high concentration (0.15 mg l<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

fairly low amount of Cr in their whole tissue [28].

crab, *Potamonautes perlatus*.

*3.3.6 Chromium (Cr)*

*3.3.7 Cadmium (Cd)*

via food [72, 73].

**4. Conclusions**

ness to point source [9, 74–78].

*3.3.8 Nickel (Ni) and vanadium (V)*

**162**

We are grateful to the Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo University and the Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria for permitting us to carry out this research using their laboratory facilities.

## **Conflict of interest**

We declare no conflict of interest.

## **Author details**

Osikemekha Anthony Anani1 \* and John Ovie Olomukoro2

1 Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Edo University, Auchi, Iyamho, Edo, Nigeria

2 Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Science, University of Benin, Benin, Edo, Nigeria

\*Address all correspondence to: osikemekha.anani@edouniversity.edu.ng

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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2006;**366**:380-390

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Biological Report. 1993. p. 10

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*macrobrachion* from Benin River Nigeria. European International Journal of Science and Technology. 1987;**3**:6

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Health Organization; 2011

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2002;**2**:79-82

2003;**145**:395-408

**168**

## *Edited by Genaro Diarte-Plata and Ruth Escamilla-Montes*

This book is divided into five sections. The first section is about Biology and Ecology, and includes the following chapters: "Crustacean", "The robber crab Birgus latro (Linnaeus, 1767)", "Scyllarid lobster biology and ecology", "Management of the interaction and cannibalism of postlarvae and adults of the freshwater shrimp Cryphiops caementarius (Molina, 1782)", "Bateman gradients and alternative mating strategies in a marine isopod", and "The habitat types of freshwater prawns (Palaemonidae: Macrobrachium) with abbreviated larval development in Mesoamerica (Mexico, Guatemala & Belize)". The second section, Fisheries, includes a chapter on the "Estimation of the maximum sustainable yield and the optimal fishing effort of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun 1896) of Laguna Madre, Tamaulipas, Mexico". The third section, Genetics, covers "A comparison of genetic variation in two endemic thermal spring isopods, Thermosphaeroma thermophilum and T. milleri (Crustacea: Isopoda: Sphaeromatidae)". In the fourth section, Diseases, the chapter is "Phage therapy for control of bacterial diseases of crustaceans". The fifth section, Bioaccumulation, provides information on "Assessment of metal accumulation and bioaccumulation factor of some trace and heavy metals in freshwater prawn and crab". The book can be used by students, professors, and researchers in areas related to biological sciences.

Published in London, UK © 2020 IntechOpen © wrangel / iStock

Crustacea

Crustacea

*Edited by Genaro Diarte-Plata* 

*and Ruth Escamilla-Montes*