**3.2 Hula reclamation project**

The history and implementation of the Hula Project are given in [2–4]. Longterm data about the underground water table (GWT) in the Hula Valley are presented in **Figures 4** and **5**. The impact of drought condition is reflected from the

**Figure 2.** *Annual averages of water layers (0–10 m upper, >32 m lower) in Lake Kinneret during 1969–2001.*

**131**

**Figure 4.**

**Figure 3.**

*The Synergistic Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Management on the Lake…*

deepening of averaged GWT by 30 cm during recent 6–7 years (**Figure 4**). The data presented in **Figure 5** emphasize the underground topographical structure and the impact of the recent drought: the GWT altitude in the northern region of the Hula Valley is higher than that of the southern part. Therefore, hydrological gradient existent induces underground water migration from north to south. Hydraulic forces from north to south induce water flow aimed at south but no such gradient on

Significant relations between nutrient inputs from the upper Jordan River watershed into Lake Kinneret and the river discharge were indicated, and the qualitative

*Fractional polynomial regression between annual (1940–2018) precipitation and years.*

*Annual total (three Hula Valley regions) average of GWT (m below surface) during 2002–2018.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86512*

east-west directions (**Figure 5**).

results are given in **Table 2**.

*The Synergistic Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Management on the Lake… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86512*

deepening of averaged GWT by 30 cm during recent 6–7 years (**Figure 4**). The data presented in **Figure 5** emphasize the underground topographical structure and the impact of the recent drought: the GWT altitude in the northern region of the Hula Valley is higher than that of the southern part. Therefore, hydrological gradient existent induces underground water migration from north to south. Hydraulic forces from north to south induce water flow aimed at south but no such gradient on east-west directions (**Figure 5**).

Significant relations between nutrient inputs from the upper Jordan River watershed into Lake Kinneret and the river discharge were indicated, and the qualitative results are given in **Table 2**.

**Figure 3.** *Fractional polynomial regression between annual (1940–2018) precipitation and years.*

**Figure 4.** *Annual total (three Hula Valley regions) average of GWT (m below surface) during 2002–2018.*

*Sustainability Assessment at the 21st Century*

late 1980s) (**Figure 2**).

app. 130 mm until present.

**3.2 Hula reclamation project**

LOWESS smoothing statistical method provide locally weighted scatterplot smoothing. The smoothed values are obtained by running a regression of Y and X variables weighted where the central value gets the highest weight and other points around receive less weight. Moreover, in relation to those documented air temperature change, the lake water temperatures were fluctuated as well (**Figure 2**): The upper epilimnetic layer (0–10 m) became warmer since the early 1980s until the early 2000s by 1.9 (21.7–23.6), whilet the temperature increased in the lower layer (32 m deep) similarly by app 2.0°C but reasonably later (from

A significant evidence for climate change is given in **Figure 3**, which represents a mean increase of 60 mm from 1940 until the mid-1980s and later a decline of

The history and implementation of the Hula Project are given in [2–4]. Longterm data about the underground water table (GWT) in the Hula Valley are presented in **Figures 4** and **5**. The impact of drought condition is reflected from the

*Annual averages of water layers (0–10 m upper, >32 m lower) in Lake Kinneret during 1969–2001.*

**130**

**Figure 2.**

#### **Figure 5.**

*Line scatter plot of annual (2002–2018) means of GWT (m below surface) in four Hula Valley regions: northern, eastern, western, and southern.*

**Figure 6.** *Regional chart of Lake Kinneret watershed.*

The quantitative significant relation between Jordan River Discharge and nutrient loads is obvious and was earlier documented, while data given in **Table 2** indicate the positive significant relation between the river discharge and the nutrient concentrations: the higher the discharge, the higher the nutrient concentration and quantities. The Linear regressions between Jordan discharge and nutrient loads is positively significant as presented in **Table 3**.

Results in **Tables 2** and **3** are compatible and strongly support the statement about positive linear regression between Jordan discharge and nutrient load transport into Lake Kinneret. These linear relations and the temporal decline of Jordan discharge are presented in **Figures 7**–**12** for organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total dissolved phosphorus. Nevertheless, the pattern of relation between nitrate concentration and the Jordan discharge is different (**Figure 11**): NO3 concentration increases in relation to time (from 1970 to 2018) and decreases

**133**

**Figure 7.**

**Table 2.**

**Table 3.**

*were significant (<0.0001).*

*concentrations (ppm): r<sup>2</sup>*

*annual Jordan River discharge (mcm/y; 106*

**Nutrient r**

*Linear regressions between Jordan River discharge and nutrient loads (tons) r2*

*The Synergistic Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Management on the Lake…*

Total nitrogen 0.1383 0.0046 S Total phosphorus 0.4599 <0.0001 S Nitrate 0.2012 0.0029 S Ammonium 0.2527 0.0007 S Organic nitrogen 0.5984 <0.0001 S Total dissolved phosphorus 0.2019 0.0028 S Kjeldahl total 0.6586 <0.0001 S Kjeldahl dissolved 0.6417 <0.0001 S Jordan discharge (mcm/y) 0.2004 0.0030 S

*Results of linear regression analysis between Jordan River discharge and the multiannual means of nutrient* 

*/y) is given.*

Total nitrogen 0.860 <0.0001 Total phosphorus 0.596 <0.0001 TIN (total inorganic nitrogen) 0.776 <0.0001 Sulfate 0.816 <0.0001 Organic nitrogen 0.606 <0.0001 Chloride 0.886 <0.0001

*Fractional polynomial regression between annual mean of the total nitrogen concentration (ppm) in Jordan* 

*water and Jordan water yield (mcm/y) (left) and with years (1970–2018) (right).*

 *m3*

*, probability (p) values, and significance (S = significant) values are indicated. The* 

**<sup>2</sup> p**

 *are given and all probabilities* 

relative to Jordan decline below 300 mcm/y and increases very little when discharge is elevated above 300 mcm/y. The different behavior of nitrate was studied by Geifman (1981) and the results are given in **Figure 12**. The significant increase of

**<sup>2</sup> p**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86512*

**Nutrient r**

relative to Jordan decline below 300 mcm/y and increases very little when discharge is elevated above 300 mcm/y. The different behavior of nitrate was studied by Geifman (1981) and the results are given in **Figure 12**. The significant increase of

