*7.1.1 Pepper/Chilli* (Capsicum annuum L.)

Peterson (1958) first reported the cytoplasmic genetic male sterility (CGMS) in chilli in an introduction of *C. annuum* from India (PI-164835) and found its instability under fluctuating conditions, particularly temperatures and natural cross-pollination. Genetic male sterility in chilli well exploited on a commercial scale in hybrid seed production. Male sterile plants easy to identify in the field at a comparatively early stage. Nearly 20 genes governed genetic male sterility. The ms-10 gene is linked with taller plant height, erect growth and dark purple anther. MS-12 (ms-509/ms-10) and ms-3 genes are commercially utilised in India and Hungry, respectively [44].
