**Conflict of interest**

*Modern Fruit Industry*

tried to find which of the mentioned substances is more correlated with oxidative stability. A number of studies have demonstrated that polyphenol contents are, among the minor compounds, the group more correlated with this parameter [88]. The antioxidant behavior of tocopherols represents a complicated phenomenon as they are efficient antioxidants at low concentrations, but they steadily lose effi-

Olive tree water status has marked effects on concentrations of volatile compounds in the oil. Thus, olive oil from plants grown under water deficit-conditions can be bitter and pungent to the taste in opposite to those obtained in well-watering conditions [81, 89]. Williams and Harwood [90] have clearly shown that drought regimes, in Crete, reduced the relative activity of enzymes of lipoxygenase pathway

Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) in olive orchard is an agronomic practice in which plants were irrigated avoiding water deficit during phases I and III of olive fruit growth and saving water during phase II, the noncritical phenological period of pit hardening [91]. This strategy of irrigation can affect some table olives' characteristics, for example, phenolic composition, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, volatile compounds, and phytoprostanes [92]. Table olives from RDI belong to a group of vegetable products named *hydroSOStainable* which are characterized by having distinctive proprieties such as high content of some nutritional and functional compounds, high intensity of sensorial attributes, and are produced with reduced use of water, which is a benefit for both farmers and for the environment [93]. Sánchez-Rodríguez et al. [93] reported that *hydroSOStainable* table olives (cv. "Manzanilla") showed the most attractive shape and color with highest fruit weight, roundest fruit, hardest texture, and a lightest and greenest color than control olives, whereas minerals, antioxidants, phenols, and organic acids and sugars of *hydroSOStainable* olives were similar to well-irrigated olives. Hence, *hydroSOStainable* table olives have advantages over those obtained in well-watered conditions reducing the use of freshwater, while they have better morphological traits that are

Lower latitudes of temperate regions are expected to experience climate changes

in coming decades that will bring about conditions less favorable to agriculture activities. Yields are likely to decrease, and the quality of produce might suffer a negative alteration. Commercial wine vines and olive trees are very sensitive to their environment, and to keep their economic value, it is necessary to adopt agronomic practices to minimize the adverse effects of climate change. The less favorable location for their growth and development might be abandoned, the choice of varieties to plant will be selected among the best adapted to future conditions, and management techniques of highly efficient irrigation, shading, spraying with reflecting materials, and tight control of canopy development, among others, will have to be

This work was possible thanks to the contribution of our university,

POCI-Operational Competitiveness and Internationalization Programme,

This work is supported by European Investment Funds by FEDER/COMPETE/

ciency as their oil content in the vegetables increases [76].

and consequently the volatile compounds.

more attractive for consumers.

**5. Conclusions**

commonly adopted.

**Acknowledgements**

Universidade Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro.

**52**

We report no conflict of interests and no other benefit from our work.
