3.10.2 Fruit extracts

Petroleum ether leaf extract also showed significant reversal of biochemical, histological, and functional changes in oral rifampicin (50 mg/kg)-induced hepato-

Water leaf extract presented low toxicity and directly killing virus effect of HSV

Administration of ethanolic leaf extract presented immune modulatory activity in cellular and humoral antibody response according to various hematological and

Different (petroleum ether, ethanolic, and chloroform) leaf extracts showed a significant reduction on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and a greater antiinflammatory effect in relation to indomethacin, a standard nonsteroidal drug used

Methanolic leaf extract and isolated triterpenoids [methyl maslinate (127), calotropenyl acetate (130), and lupeol acetate (135)] exhibited irritant potential on

Methanolic leaf extracts showed strong antibacterial activities against oral bac-

open mice ears and were the most potent and persistent irritant effects [2].

teria, Streptococcus gordonii, S. anginosus, Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis, with minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of 0.156–0.625 mg/ml and 0.313– 0.625 mg/ml, respectively. These antibacterial effects may be related to some phenolic compounds isolated such as flavonoids [6]. Acetone leaf extract possessed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus species and antifungal activity against Fusarium solani, F. lateritium, F. roseum, Daporuthe nonurai, and Bipolaris leersiae [24]. Leaf extract also showed strongest nematicidal activity against the nematodes

3.10 Antimicrobial, nematicidal, and anthelmintic activities

on baby hamster kidney fibroblasts (BHK21), primary rat kidney (PRK), and human epithelial (Hep-2) cells with a maximum tolerated concentration (MTC) of 0.5 mg/mL [2]. Ethyl ethanoate and hexane fractions of methanolic extracts also

toxicity in rats [2].

Modern Fruit Industry

3.6.1 Leaf extracts

3.7.1 Leaf extracts

serological tests [6].

3.8.1 Leaf extracts

for this effect [6].

3.9.1 Leaf extracts

3.10.1 Leaf extracts

126

3.9 Irritant potential

3.6 Anti-herpes simples virus (HSV)

showed anti-HSV-1 effect [24].

3.7 Immunomodulatory activity

3.8 Anti-inflammatory activity

Fruit extract was found useful in protecting from bacterial pathogen attack in tomatoes [6]. Anthelmintics are drugs that either kill or expel infesting helminths living in the gastrointestinal tract or tissues. Helminths cause numerous damages to the host, for example, injury to organs, intestinal or lymphatic obstruction, causing blood loss, depriving it of food, and secreting toxins [36]. The potential of cysteine proteinases extracted from figs as a potential anthelmintic was evaluated. The experiments were carried out in vitro using the rodent gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. A marked damage was visible within a 2-h incubation period of cysteine proteinases on the cuticle (loss of surface cuticular layers) of adult male and female H. polygyrus worms. The results (efficacy and mode of action) proved the potential use of cysteine proteinases as anthelmintics [6].
