**Table 2.**

**35**

**Technology**

Hydrolysis Solvent extraction

Moderate temperatures, reuse of solvents, high selectivity of solvents, pH control

Transesterification

No modification of equipment is necessary, reduction of air pollution,

less toxic, easy to use, decrease in CO2

emissions

Super critical

Uses cheap and abundant solvents;

High pressures required,

Chemicals

Wastewater treatment, highvalue chemicals, transportation,

TRL7/CRI-1

Thar Technology,

USA;

Integrated Plantrose

Complex, USA;

New Oil Resources,

USA

heating, and electricity

supercritical state, difficult to

maintain, complex maintenance

and cleaning

fast, lower thermal degradation; better

purity of the compounds

*TRL, technological readiness level; CRI, commercial readiness index.*

**Table 3.**

*Comparative summary of different chemical conversion technologies [8–10].*

conversion

Less aggressive low-cost substances

Slow and inefficient, high alkalinity or acidity, formation of inhibitory salts

Intermediate products, solvent saturation

Primary and secondary metabolites

Additives, high-value chemicals

TRL9/CRI3

Weak supply chain, high viscosity,

FAME

Transportation, electricity

TRL9/CRI5

high cost, odor

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignite

Additives, high-value chemicals

TRL9/CRI5

**Benefits**

**Limitations**

**Products**

**Applications**

**TRL/CRI/ demonstration projects**

*Review of Biofuel Technologies in WtL and WtE DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84833*

*Comparative summary of different biological conversion technologies [8–10].*



**Table 3.**

*Comparative summary of different chemical conversion technologies [8–10].*
