**10. Conclusion**

*Elements of Bioeconomy*

Multifect CL Genencor

**Table 4.**

**Enzyme samples Supplier Source**

CA)

GC 440 Genencor-Danisco

Cellulase TRL Solvay Enzymes (Elkhart, IN)

Econase CE Alko-EDC (New York, NY)

Cellulase TAP106 Amano Enzyme (Troy, VA)

*Suppliers and sources of enzyme samples [122].*

Novozymes 188 Novozymes *Aspergillus niger*

Intl. (S.San Francisco,

(Rochester, USA)

Accelerase® 1500 Genencor *Trichoderma reesei* Cellulase AP30K Amano Enzyme *Aspeergillus niger*

Cellubrix Novozymes, Denmark *Trichoderma longibrachiatum* and *Aspergillus niger*

Viscostar 150L Dyadic (Jupiter, USA) *Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei*

Energex L Novozymes *Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei* Ultraflo L Novozymes *Trichoderma longibrachiatum/ Trichoderma reesei* Viscozyme L Novozymes *Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei*

GC 880 Genencor *Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei* Spezyme CP Genencor *Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei*

*Trichoderma reesei*

*Trichoderma viride*

*Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei*

*Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei*

*Trichoderma longibrachiatum/Trichoderma reesei*

Enzyme Inc., Zhongbei Bio-Chem Industry Co., Ltd., Hunan Hong Ying Biotech Co., Ltd., Genencor and Novozyme are major producers they are known worldwide for cellulase production. All above companies played a noteworthy role for reducing production cost of cellulase several folds by their active research and are still continuing to bring down the cost by assuming novel technologies [112]. A few suppliers and source of enzyme samples are list below (**Table 4**). North America accounted for largest market share in global cellulose production in 2017. Production is depended on the increasing production of biofuel. According to a report by United States Energy information Administration in July 2018, the production of biofuel has increased in the U.S. from 1891 trillion butane to 2332

The demand for cellulases is increasing day by day due to its volatile and the rise in oil prices which induced a shift in interest towards the application of cellulases in producing biofuel using lignocellulosic biomass [151]. Enhancing the cellulase activity and reducing the cost of production of enzyme are two key issues regarding the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass. Genetic techniques can be used to clone the cellulase coding sequences into bacteria, yeasts, fungi, plants and animals to create new cellulase producing systems with improved production and activity of enzyme [152]. One of the major drawbacks of SSF is the low thermal conductivity of the solid medium used in SSF which restricts the removal of excess heat generated by microbial metabolism. The elevated temperature in bioreactors may lead

trillion, increasing at a CAGR of 5.4 during 2013 to 2017.

**74**

**9. Future prospects**

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant biomass on the earth. They are the potential source of biofuels, and other useful chemicals. But one of the most severe hindrances in this process is the structure of biomass itself. This problem can be resolved up to a greater extent by various types of pretreatments and enzymatic hydrolysis, engineered cellulases and by consolidated bioprocessing.

Consolidated bioprocessing includes cellulose production, hydrolysis of cellulose and fermentation of Pentose and Hexose sugars in a single step which will reduce production cost and increase production/conversion efficiency as compared to the processes performing dedicated cellulase production. A good pretreatment should result in increased cellulose content and decreased hemicelluloses/lignin content of biomass. Another problem is the yield and efficiency of enzyme. Yield of enzyme can be increased by optimization of different parameters involved in enzyme production using one variable or statistical approach (RSM). Alternatively novel proteins with enhanced production can be synthesized by protein and metabolic engineering. Enzyme engineering must be focused on (1) to increase cellulase specific activity on pretreated biomass through enzyme cocktail (2) to increase cellulase stability for cellulase recycling, and (3) to reduce enzyme production costs. Consolidated bioprocessing microorganisms or consortium would simplify the whole process and increase productivity. The above three approaches would be integrated together for maximizing the process for lignocellulosic biomass management/conversion in to value added products.
