**7.5 Biofuel production**

With the fast exhaustion of fossil fuels the need to find a substitute source for renewable energy and fuels is intensifying day by day. Thus interest in the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass using cellulases and other related enzymes is also increasing [14, 16]. In other words, the cellulase market could be expanded

**73**

*Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass*

enzyme preparations are now available to the wine industry.

considerably by using cellulases for saccharification of pretreated cellulosic material to sugars which can be fermented further to bioethanol and other bio-based products on large scale [77]. By 2020 biofuels, especially bioethanol from renewable resources is expected to replace 20% of the fossil fuel consumption [140]. Cellulases produced by various filamentous fungi mainly *Aspergillus*, *Trichoderma* and *Penicillium* have a potentially to be used successfully for bioethanol production using sugarcane bagasse, corn straw, rice straw, wheat straw and wheat bran as raw

Microbial glucanases and related polysaccharides are usually used to produce alcoholic beverages including beers and wines by fermentation [144]. In wine production various enzymes such as pectinases, glucanases and hemicellulases plays an important role in improving wine quality and stability by improving color extraction, skin maceration, must clarification and filtration [145]. According to the precedent literature about 10–35% increase in the wine must extraction, a 70–80% increase in the rate of must filtration, 50–120 min decreased pressing time, and 30–70% decreased must viscosity, 20–40% energy saving while cooling thus a considerably improved wine stability. Thus supplementation of enzymes like cellulase and pectinase to the process are expected to enhance the productivity of brewing production [143]. β-Glucosidases can enhance the aroma of wines by modifying glycosylated precursors. Macerating enzymes also improve the juice, press ability and settling of grapes used for wine fermentation. A number of commercial

Cellulolytic bacteria like Bacteroides cellulosilyticus and Ruminococcus champanellensis can be employed for the treatment of phytobezoars disease, which causes concretion of indigestible vegetable and fruit fibers in the gastrointestinal tract that may leads to surgical intrusion [128]. Moreover, cellulases have been utilized as excellent antibiofilm agents against pathogenic biofilms [146]. Further research is required to unravel yet unknown applications of cellulases in medical field.

Demand for industrial enzymes in developed countries such as the US, Western

Europe, Japan and Canada was relatively stable during the recent times while in developing economies of Asia-Pacific, Eastern Europe, Africa and Middle East regions, demand is increasing day by day [147]. Currently, by dollar volume cellulases are the third largest industrial enzyme globally, because of their extensive applications in animal feed additives, as detergent enzymes, cotton processing, juice extraction and paper recycling. However, cellulases may become the largest quantity industrial enzyme, if ethanol produced from lignocellulosic biomass through these enzymes becomes the major transportation fuel [112, 148]. They contribute to 8% of the worldwide industrial enzyme demand [149]. The international market for biofuel enzymes is expected to reach \$9.0 billion by 2017 [150]. Global demand for industrial enzyme's projected to grow 4.0% per year to \$5.0 billion in 2021. Key players in the global cellulose market are Amano enzyme U.S.A, Worthington Biochemical Corporation, MP Biomedical LLC, Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC, Prozmix LLC, Creative Enzymes, bio-WORLD, Amano

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85036*

materials [141–143].

**7.7 Medical industry**

**8. Cellulase market demand**

**7.6 Wine and brewery industry**

*Overview of the Process of Enzymatic Transformation of Biomass DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85036*

considerably by using cellulases for saccharification of pretreated cellulosic material to sugars which can be fermented further to bioethanol and other bio-based products on large scale [77]. By 2020 biofuels, especially bioethanol from renewable resources is expected to replace 20% of the fossil fuel consumption [140]. Cellulases produced by various filamentous fungi mainly *Aspergillus*, *Trichoderma* and *Penicillium* have a potentially to be used successfully for bioethanol production using sugarcane bagasse, corn straw, rice straw, wheat straw and wheat bran as raw materials [141–143].

## **7.6 Wine and brewery industry**

*Elements of Bioeconomy*

**7.2 Textile industry**

**7.3 Food and feed processing**

aroma of citrus fruits [61].

**7.5 Biofuel production**

**7.4 Detergents**

gradable cardboards, sanitary papers [135].

Besides deinking and pulping, cellulases are also used in paper mills for drainage of clogged pipes by dissolving fiber residues [61] and for manufacturing easily biode-

Among the application textile industry dominated in the market in 2017. Cellulase application in textile play main role in the growth of textile industry. In textile industry worn-out look is given to the denim using stone washing. But stone washing have some disadvantages. It causes wear and tear of the fabric, huge loss of water due to extensive washing step and high labor cost, etc. Cellulases used for bio-polishing of cotton cloths and enzyme based stoning of jeans to impart stonewashed look for denims. Cellulase treatment gives a smooth and glossy appearance to fabric by removing short fibers, surface fuzziness and improves color brightness, hydrophilicity and moisture absorbance [136]. Most of the cotton and cotton mixed garments tend to become fluffy and dull during repeated washing due to detachment of microfibrils on the surface of garments. Cellulase treatment can restore a smooth surface and original color to the garments by removing these microfibrils [137]. According to a statistics of India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), Indian textile market has increased from US\$ 99 Billion in 2014 to US\$137 Billion in 2016

Cellulases are found to be highly valuable for feed and food Recently BIO-CAT introduced a cellulase (Cellulase C500) at IPPE 2016. The enzyme have been derived from a non-GMO, AAFCO approved microbial strain. Addition of Cellulase to animal feed increases its digestibility (http://www.bio-cat.com/

Use of cellulases in feed processing leads to improvement in feed digestibility and animal performance. As a component of macerating enzyme complex (cellulase, xylanase and pectinase) these are used for extraction and clarification of fruits and vegetable juices, nectars and oils [138]. Along with others, cell wall degrading enzymes cellulases can be used to reduce bitterness and increase the taste and

Nowadays liquid laundry detergent containing anionic or nonionic surfactant, citric acid or a water-soluble salt, protease, cellulose and a mixture of propanediol and boric acid or its derivatives are employed to improve the stability of cellulases [61]. Cellulases are added to detergents for the breakdown of hydrogen bonding under harsh environmental conditions such as alkaline or thermophilic conditions [139]. Cellulases are mixed with detergents to enhance brightness and hand feel, dirt removal from cotton and cotton blended garments because they are capable of

With the fast exhaustion of fossil fuels the need to find a substitute source for renewable energy and fuels is intensifying day by day. Thus interest in the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass using cellulases and other related enzymes is also increasing [14, 16]. In other words, the cellulase market could be expanded

and exhibited a CAGR of 17.6% during the period 2014–2016.

introducing-cellulase-c500-animal-feed-enzyme/).

modifying the structure of cellulose fibrils [62].

**72**

Microbial glucanases and related polysaccharides are usually used to produce alcoholic beverages including beers and wines by fermentation [144]. In wine production various enzymes such as pectinases, glucanases and hemicellulases plays an important role in improving wine quality and stability by improving color extraction, skin maceration, must clarification and filtration [145]. According to the precedent literature about 10–35% increase in the wine must extraction, a 70–80% increase in the rate of must filtration, 50–120 min decreased pressing time, and 30–70% decreased must viscosity, 20–40% energy saving while cooling thus a considerably improved wine stability. Thus supplementation of enzymes like cellulase and pectinase to the process are expected to enhance the productivity of brewing production [143]. β-Glucosidases can enhance the aroma of wines by modifying glycosylated precursors. Macerating enzymes also improve the juice, press ability and settling of grapes used for wine fermentation. A number of commercial enzyme preparations are now available to the wine industry.

#### **7.7 Medical industry**

Cellulolytic bacteria like Bacteroides cellulosilyticus and Ruminococcus champanellensis can be employed for the treatment of phytobezoars disease, which causes concretion of indigestible vegetable and fruit fibers in the gastrointestinal tract that may leads to surgical intrusion [128]. Moreover, cellulases have been utilized as excellent antibiofilm agents against pathogenic biofilms [146]. Further research is required to unravel yet unknown applications of cellulases in medical field.
