**4. Integration of cattle with palm plants**

The low productivity of cattle has forced the government to import, especially heifers. This of course raises concerns on the part of the government. Total imports of heifers reached 800,000 head and frozen meat equivalent to 781,117 head of cattle. The total national population of beef cattle in 2016 reached 15.4 million heads [48].

The beef cattle rearing system is generally still done conventionally. Sources of forage are obtained from grazing land. This feed is a mainstay of breeders as a source of forage, so that the productivity of cattle is low. The oil palm plantation industry is an industry that can be integrated with the livestock industry, especially related to beef cattle cultivation. In Indonesia, local beef cattle has a number of advantages. One of the advantages is the ability to consume high fiber feed such as forages and concentrates in large quantities [49]. An illustration of a model that integrates cattle with palm plantations was presented in **Figure 3**.

Types of feed with high fiber content are also available in the palm oil industry. Several by-products from the oil palm plantation industry can be used as cattle feed. The land area is directly proportional to the potential use of the oil palm plantation industry by-products. The wider land will increase the use of by-products from the plantation industry. in 1 ha of oil palm land will be able to accommodate 3–5 adult cows [50].

The amount of waste from the oil palm plantation industry in the form of fronds and leaves that can be obtained for every hectare of oil palm plantation reaches more than 2.3 tons of dry matter. This amount is obtained with the assumption that each oil palm tree can produce 22 fronds and fresh leaves/year. Weeds that grow in the form of grass around trees can also be used by cows as a source of forage [51] . In every hectare of industrial land for oil palm plantations, grass or weeds that grow around the plant can reach 3–5 tons/year. In the first 2 years of planting, legumes can reach 5–7 tons of dry matter/year. After that, the production will decrease 1–5 tons/year at the age of 2–5 years [52].

#### **Figure 3.**

*A farming system model that integrates cattle with palm plants. Source: https://www.agrofarm. co.id/2019/10/19517/.*

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

Several years ago, in several provinces in Indonesia, the government has initiated an integration concept between the livestock industry, especially cattle, and the oil palm plantation industry. This concept basically aims to increase meat production. In addition, to optimize natural resources in order to support one another. There are several efforts that can be made to optimize meat production including: 1) optimizing the use of critical land, 2) optimizing the use of alternative feed material sources and 3) integrating the livestock industry with the plantation industry, especially oil palm plants. Efforts to combine the two industries are then known as LEISA (Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture) [53]. This concept is a symbiotic mutualism between livestock and plantation crops which can provide benefits to both parties. The application of this concept includes: 1) utilizing waste from oil palm plantations in the form of solid waste, midrib and meal as a source of animal feed ingredients, 2) waste from livestock in the form of manure and waste from oil palm plants (non-feed) then formulated and processed into compost. The compost will later be used as organic fertilizer which can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil in the plantation area, and 3) weeds that grow wild among oil palm plants can be used by livestock (cows) as a source of feed so that it will improve the productivity of oil palm plants [54].

In the future, livestock business development activities are expected to be able to change the view of breeders from a production system to a livestock system with an optimally integrated agribusiness concept. The concept of agribusiness is a development concept in the livestock sector which is a system and consists of several sub-systems, namely; (1) upstream agribusiness sub-system, namely the entire economic activity that produces production facilities (breeding industry and feed industry); (2) on-farm agribusiness, namely all activities related to livestock cultivation; and (3) down-stream agribusiness, namely all economic activities related to the processing of primary livestock commodities into processed products (livestock processing and marketing industries); and (4) supporting system, namely all activities that provide services from the three agribusiness sub-systems [55].

According to [56], the application of an integrated business system between cattle and the oil palm plantation industry is expected to be part of a farming system that can be carried out in a sustainable manner. The pattern and system of integrating cattle with oil palm plantations are expected to reduce the problem of waste from cows (manure and urine) and waste from oil palm plantation business activities. Efforts to use land must be based on: (1) land as a source of animal feed; (2) all types of land are focused as a source of animal feed; (3) The use of land for livestock can be interpreted as an attempt to harmonize the land use with the agricultural business system. The potential for beef cattle development still needs to be improved through technological innovation and the implementation of the concept of integration of crop livestock with livestock (crop livestock system) through optimizing the use of agricultural waste for feed and the use of manure for organic fertilizer for agricultural crops.

#### **5. Integration of ruminants with cassava plants**

The livestock development program is one of the important aspects in the agricultural development program, so that the role of farmers and breeders will determine the success of this development. In an effort to meet these expectations, the main challenge facing the livestock sector today is how to produce livestock products that are highly competitive in terms of quality, quantity, variety and price. This can be done by optimizing the use of local feed so that domestic and global market needs can be met. In Indonesia, both the potential and available land for expansion

of agricultural areas are still quite large. However, this requires caution because the need for land use for agriculture and non-agriculture is currently increasing. The impact that occurs is of course the existence of competition in land use.

Based on data, Indonesia is the second largest cassava producing country with a production of 24 million tons after Nigeria country (52.4 million tons) [55]. In 2011, cassava production in Indonesia has reached 24 million tons, which is produced from a harvest area of around 1.2 million hectares of land with a productivity of 20 tons/ha [57]. This production results in cassava being the second largest production after rice (65 million tons) [58]. The development of cassava growth over the last 10 years shows that the area of cassava plants is relatively constant and even tends to decline in 2012 (−0.56%/year), however, the production has actually increased with a growth rate of 2.62% /year. This is due to improved productivity and shows an increase with an average growth rate of 3.97%/year [59].

The cassava plant (*Manihot esculenta*/*Manihot utilisima*) is a root tuber plant that has an elongated shape with a center line of about 2–3 cm and a length of 50–80 cm, depending on the type and variety. The plant consists of several parts, namely tubers, stems, roots, flowers and leaves. The tuber part of cassava can be used as an alternative feed material for livestock. The nutritional content of cassava tubers is more complete than grass and legumes which are often used as animal feed for rural communities. The integration pattern between ruminants (cattle, buffalo, goat and sheep) with cassava plants can benefit cassava farmers. In addition, there can be reciprocal relationships with breeders so as to minimize vacant land. Empty land can be planted with cassava plants which can also serve as land for grazing for livestock. However, it should be understood that the cassava plant also has several drawbacks. One of the disadvantages is the presence of toxic compounds in cassava plants in the form of cyanide acid (HCN). The presence of this compound causes its use in poultry to be limited. Cassava plants contain two types of cyanogenic glycosides, namely a type of secondary metabolite in plants in the form of derivatives amino acids which are toxic. The types of cyanogenic glycosides in question are linamarin and small amounts of lotaustralin (methyl linamarin). Linamarin is rapidly hydrolyzed to glucose and acetone cyanohydrin while lotaustralin is hydrolyzed to cyanohydrin and glucose. Under neutral conditions, acetone cyanohydrin is decomposed to acetone and hydrogen cyanide. This cyanide acid causes the availability of the amino acid methionine in cassava to be low [60]. The content of cyanide acid compounds can be removed through a heating process. In addition, cassava plants, especially their leaves, are voluminous so they are not efficient in terms of transportation. Cassava is a wasteful plant in taking nutrients, so that many farmers are not interested in planting it.

The optimal use of cassava plants as ruminant feed can be done. One of them is by implementing an integration model of cassava plants with ruminant livestock cultivation (cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep). This model uses the principle that the livestock will come to the feed source. Some steps that can be taken include: (1) Livestock are raised around the cassava plantation. Efforts to use cassava plants in developing ruminant farms around or near the cassava planting area are carried out in the form of providing feed. This step is one way to take advantage of cassava plants, especially the leaves and tubers that have been rejected. The application of this system is carried out by raising livestock near cassava gardens which are then given by products from cassava plants such as leaves, rejected tubers and skin from the tubers. This system is quite beneficial because during the cultivation process of cassava plants, the manure produced by ruminants can then be used as organic fertilizer so that the fertility of the cassava plant land is maintained. For example, with the production of cassava leaves of 1.2 tons/ha, it is predicted to be able to meet the needs of 2 cows or buffaloes during the fattening period or the equivalent

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

of 14 small ruminants (goats/sheep). The tuber part can be processed into tapioca products or chips. The waste products from cassava processing (skin and tuber) can be used as a mixture of animal feed ingredients. (2) Livestock are placed around the tapioca/chips factory area.

Every day, approximately tens of tons of cassava are produced into tapioca or chips. Furthermore, the waste generated from the production process in the form of skin and tuber can be used as a mixture of animal feed ingredients. Companies can use the land around the tapioca factory for the development of a livestock business. The company will have a very big opportunity to increase livestock production so that the meat needs of the Indonesian people can be met. The application of an integrated farm system through a combination of ruminant and non-ruminant livestock cultivation is thought to be more effective in optimizing the use of cassava plants. In order for this goal to be fulfilled, efforts that can be made are to raise livestock around the plantation. Through this integrated farm system, non-ruminant livestock (poultry, pig and horse) can be prioritized to utilize dried cassava and its leaves as a source of energy and protein. Meanwhile, the bark, leaves and cassava that have been rejected are used as a source of feed for ruminants (cattle, buffalo, goats and sheep). The system of integration of livestock in the main cassava plantation business has great opportunities and hopes because there are quite a lot of farmers and breeders engaged in this field.

Based on the results of economic analysis, the profit of a cassava farmer who owns land with an area of 1 ha is IDR 2,800,000 (assuming costs for planting a monoculture pattern for one growing season of 8 months). This means, the farmer only gets a profit of IDR 350,000 per month. This profit can be said to be inappropriate if used as the main business of a farmer. The value of profits obtained by a farmer will certainly increase if his business is integrated with livestock business (ruminants and/or non-ruminants). Competition in land use in the future as a consequence of efforts to maintain national food security and bioenergy development (bio-fuel) needs to be addressed immediately. Increasing productivity (intensification), especially on existing land, expanding the land area, and developing superior technological innovations are things that need to be done. Therefore, the use of vacant land for the development of an integrated system of plantations, agriculture and livestock is an appropriate and efficient innovation to do. This is an effort to find solutions to food security problems in Indonesia. This integration can increase food production in order to achieve the target food needs of the Indonesian people and increase the welfare of the community.

There is no doubt regarding the benefits of integrating cassava plants with livestock, for both farmers and breeders. The integration of plantation, agriculture and livestock crops is the best strategy in overcoming scarcity of resources in food production so that food can be fulfilled. With this integration, all agricultural activities can be economically profitable and ecologically sustainable. With the integrated pattern of plantations, agriculture and livestock, consumer demands for environmental sustainability, health and food safety, and the welfare of workers can be answered.

#### **6. Integration of cattle with horticultural plants**

Horticultural plants are one type of plant that is needed by humans to meet the needs of vitamins and minerals. Horticultural plants in the form of green vegetables have benefits as a source of vitamins and minerals that are important for fulfilling community nutrition. Increasing population, income and education will certainly affect public awareness of the importance of nutritional and health values.

Various efforts have been made by farmers so that horticultural crops can provide maximum results. Efforts that have been implemented include: (1) the use of superior variety seeds; (2) regular pest and disease control; (3) proper arrangement of spacing patterns; (4) timeliness and harvest time and (5) proper use of fertilizers. The application of fertilizers to horticultural crops needs attention, especially related to the type, dose, method and raw material (organic or inorganic). Continuous application of inorganic fertilizers can cause negative impacts on the environment. The impact that can arise is that the soil becomes solid due to the gluing effect, especially the type of ammonium fertilizer. The process of washing inorganic fertilizers in the soil can also have an effect on health when used as a source of drinking water. As an alternative, the use of organic fertilizers on land needs to be increased in availability for the balance of soil nutrients. Both types of fertilizers still need the right combination, because the availability of nutrients in organic fertilizers is not as complete as the nutrients in inorganic fertilizers [61]. Cow manure can reduce the cost of procuring fertilizers which at the same time can reduce production costs in addition to preserving soil organic matter, especially in sloped plantation areas [62].

The cultivation and development of cattle raised together with horticultural crops does not require new land resources. Horticultural crop waste can be used as animal feed that has been harvested so that the need for animal feed is always available every day. Farmers can make optimal use of vacant land to increase economic benefits. The input resources for livestock that are quite abundant, such as forage between plants (grass and legumes), can be directly used as a source of animal feed without disturbing the productivity of horticultural crops. Meanwhile, the potential for horticultural crop waste with simple technology can be used as a mixture of forage for cattle. The embankment area on horticultural plantations is still empty so it is still possible to use it as a superior grass cultivation area. One of the models applied in the implementation of the integration system between cattle and horticultural crops is the process of making fermented feed. The complete application of the model was presented in **Figure 4**.

With an integrated agricultural system, farmers will be more prosperous because there has been an increase in income. If the price of vegetables falls, the farmers still have other income, namely livestock. Cows can produce calves and fertilizer every year. Farmers who own cows use cow dung as raw material for biogas

#### **Figure 4.**

*Utilization of vegetable waste as animal feed as a model for integrating cattle with horticultural crops. Source:: https://www.google.com/search?q=pemanfaatan+limbah+pasar+sebagai+pakan+sapi&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUK Ewjp0oj\_rv3vAhWMUH0KHQoIAqQQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=pemanfaatan+limbah+pasar+sebagai+pakan+s api&gs\_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1DI6AdY4P8HYKmJCGgAcAB4AIABkQGIAawKkgEDNC44mAEAoAEBqgELZ 3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=e652YKmpF4yh9QOKkIigCg&bih=634&biw=1087&safe=strict&h l=id#imgrc=7qM2SDvdCt3o6M.*

*The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*


*Note: T1 = 100% of grass + rice bran (1 kg/head/day); T2 = 50% of grass + 50% of vegetable waste + rice bran (1 kg/head/day).*

*\* Different superscripts on the same line indicate a marked difference. ns=no significant*

#### **Table 2.**

*Comparison of cattle productivity without the application of an integrated system (T1) with the application of an integrated system with horticultural crops (vegetable waste) (T2) at Antapan village, Baturiti district, Tabanan regency, Bali Province, Indonesia.*

so they don't need to buy gas for cooking. An overview of the comparison of the productivity of cattle raised without the application of an integrated system with cattle raised using an integrated system with horticultural crops (vegetable waste) was presented in **Table 2**.

Based on the data in **Table 2**, it can be seen that the comparison of cattle groups that do not use an integrated system (T1) has a lower average daily body weight (0.43 kg /day) than cattle raised in an integrated manner with horticultural crops (T2) (0.55 kg/day). In addition, T2 treatment also has a lower FCR value (7.69) than T1 (11.19). This shows that the T2 treatment group is more efficient in utilizing feed to produce meat than T1.

### **7. Conclusions**

The integration model between plants and livestock or better known as integrated agriculture. This model combines the activities of the livestock industry with the agricultural industry. This model is often called a waste-free farming pattern because livestock waste is used as fertilizer for crops and agricultural waste is used as animal feed. The interaction between livestock and plants must be complementary, supportive and mutually beneficial so as to encourage an increase in the efficiency of profits from their farming.

### **Acknowledgements**

The author would like to thank the government of the republic of Indonesia, in particular to the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Education and Culture for providing data as well as to all researchers and scientists who have contributed libraries and given permission to cite the results of their research.

#### **Conflict of interest**

The author hereby states that there is no conflict of interest between the author and other parties in the preparation of this article.

*Agricultural Development in Asia - Potential Use of Nano-Materials and Nano-Technology*
