**3. Integration of goats with cocoa plants**

The availability of agricultural land as the main capital for farming tends to decline from year to year. This is due to the rapid development of the population and changes in regional spatial patterns. As an impact, the production system changes. This will also have an impact on declining farming businesses.

Another problem that arises is the decrease in soil productivity. This is caused by soil erosion and nutrient leaching. The major impact that may occur is the increasing costs and dependence on external inputs (chemicals and energy). In addition, there is an increasing threat of agrochemical residues to food quality and safety due to the increasing activity of water pollution (fertilizers and pesticides).

The potential for the development of the estate sub-sector to support the development of modern livestock businesses as a source of feed is developed through various systems. The integration pattern of livestock and plantation products in the form of utilization of staple crop waste and intercropping waste is very interesting to be developed.

In the last 2 decades, the development of cocoa cultivation has developed rapidly. Plantation statistics show that in 1997, in Indonesia, the land area for plantations was 529,057 ha. However, in 2015 the land area had reached 1,722,315 with production reaching 760,429 tons. Indonesia ranks as the 3rd largest cocoa bean producing country after Pantai Gading and Ghana. These three countries have contributed more than 70% of the world's cocoa needs. In Indonesia, the cocoa plantation industry is spread across various provinces, such as South Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi. Cocoa is one of the main plantation commodities in Indonesia, which ranks as the third largest source of non-oil and gas foreign exchange after rubber and palm oil commodities. Most of the cocoa farmers support their families from this commodity. However, there were significant problems. The productivity of the cocoa plant is still very low (650 kg/ha/year). Farmers sell their produce in the form of cocoa beans in the form of dry beans. In addition, farmers also cultivate cocoa only in monoculture form and do not make efforts to diversify products, so that farmers' income is very minimal. On the other hand, the production costs for cocoa cultivation are getting bigger, especially in meeting the needs for fertilizers and pesticides [43].

Livestock farming that has been widely developed by rural communities is goats. Indonesia is one of the countries with a tropical climate, has a climate type suitable for the development of goats, extensive land and forage production that is far from sufficient to raise 100 million goats or 10 times the current population of goats. On the other hand, domestic marketing of goats has reached a saturation point. The amount of supply of goat meat is greater than the amount of demand.

One of the problems faced by goat breeders is the availability of feed which is quite far from the location of the pen. So far, livestock feed has been obtained from the forest edge. There is no planting of animal feed. Forage crops are allowed to grow wild without any maintenance. The livestock feed is further away from the village or location of the goat pen. As a result, 1 farmer is only able to raise 2–3 goats on average.

As an effort to develop the population of ruminants (goats), it is no longer possible to rely solely on grass or grazing sources. Land for growing feed is increasingly limited. On the other hand, the potential for alternative feed sources for ruminants (goats) is very large, especially fiber feed sources. The potential for fiber feed can come from the by-product of the agricultural and plantation industries. The use of agricultural/plantation byproducts as feed ingredients is a wise action to create food security based on local resources and help reduce environmental pollution [44].

Based on these problems, of course we need a system that can support mutually beneficial synergy. It is hoped that this pattern and system will provide benefits to both parties. One possible synergy pattern that can be done is the integration pattern between goat livestock and the cocoa plantation industry. Steps that must be taken in anticipating a sustainable farming system are diversification (multicommodity) farming. One of them is implementing the integrated farming model of plants and livestock. This is one of the alternatives in carrying out business efficiency on a relatively fixed land area, but it can increase business productivity. This activity will provide added value from various business sectors that support each other. Integrated agriculture (crop-livestock integration) is an agricultural system characterized by a close relationship between plant and livestock components in a farm or within an area. One of the characteristics of this relationship is the existence of various resources such as forages, plant residues, and organic fertilizers produced by livestock in a production process. The most important thing that needs to be understood from the concept of crop-livestock integration is its ability to stop agricultural practices that destroy land resources and reduce agricultural productivity. The impact of these activities is that farmers can slowly escape poverty.

Due to the large population with a growth rate of around 1.5% and the increasing elasticity of demand for livestock production, of course, the need for ruminant livestock production (meat, milk and skin) will also increase. In recent years, the number of imports of live livestock and frozen meat along with milk and skins has increased to meet domestic demand. Therefore, the level of economic disparity between domestic demand and production capacity will increase. The domestic market will certainly be the target of producing countries. This can happen if there are no serious efforts to increase domestic production.

The potential for ruminant livestock development can be integrated with various types of plants, fish and forests. Therefore, if this potential can be utilized, the shortage of domestic supply can be met. The excess production can then be exported. Most of the breeders are rice field farmers, garden workers, cultivators and fishermen. Therefore, the combination of livestock business activities with other farming activities can increase business efficiency. The competitiveness of the products will also experience a very significant increase [45].

The system of integration of crops and livestock in the Sahel, Africa has been carried out in everyday life by farmers [46]. Farmers have considered climate risks, economic factors and livestock health. Although the integration pattern has its drawbacks, however, they can anticipate through various strategies based on livestock mobilization as well as regulation or diversification of activities.

In Indonesia, the cocoa plantation industry is dominated by smallholder plantations. Cocoa farmers usually use the waste of cocoa pod husks and forage from protective plants (*gamal* and *lamtoro*) as feed for goat farming. Cocoa pod husk waste is always available because cocoa pods on smallholder plantations can be

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

harvested almost all year round. Meanwhile, with the correct intervals and cutting methods, forage from *gamal* and *lamtoro* plants as cover crops in cocoa plantations is also a readily available feed ingredient. However, these activities have not been managed optimally and efficiently.

Goat farming with a cage system in the cocoa plantation area will produce solid material in the form of goat manure. This material comes from goat manure and can be used directly in plantation areas. This will spur an increase in production and productivity of cocoa plants in each hectare. In fact, this can certainly reduce the costs incurred by farmers to meet the needs of production facilities such as chemical fertilizers. In addition, goats that are grazed in the cocoa plantation area will utilize grass and weeds around the cocoa trees. This of course will greatly save the use of pesticide costs and the cost of maintaining the garden. Farmers do not need to look for food because the plantation area has grass and waste from cocoa plants such as cocoa shells. This waste can be used by goats as animal feed. Thus, the daily activities of farmers looking for grass can be diverted to other activities that are more useful. The model for implementing the integration of cocoa plants with goats is clearly presented in **Figure 2**.

Cocoa pod husk (CPH) has the potential as an alternative feed source for ruminants. The potential for CPH in Indonesia is quite large, both in terms of quantity and quality. The availability of CPH during the harvest season is very large and able to meet the needs of 635,305 livestock units per year. The husks as a source of fiber feed can replace grass. CPH contains crude protein 6.80–13.78%; neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 55.30–73.90% and acid detergent fiber (ADF) 38.31–58.98%. In addition, CPH also contains anti-nutritional compounds, including lignin, tannins and theobromine. In an effort to optimize the potential of CPH as feed, processing is needed to increase nutrient value and digestibility, reduce the content of antinutritional compounds so that the negative effects of antinutrient compounds can be minimized and extend shelf life. Through a system of integrating plants with livestock, environmentally friendly agriculture can be developed, agricultural systems can run sustainably, optimal use of resources, human health status will be improved and maintained, the environment will be protected and foodstuffs will be fulfilled. Goats get their feed from parts of the cocoa plant (pruned cocoa leaves,

#### **Figure 2.**

*Utilization of cocoa waste as animal feed to support the integration of cocoa plants with goats. Source: https:// dpkp.jogjaprov.go.id/baca/Pemanfaatan+Limbah+Kakao+Untuk+Pakan+Ternak+Mendukung+Integrasi+Ka kao-Ternak/190221/e84ce4d623c0e94ef3b54c3d9ec9d7dd1313653ca54a3e8aef9b95204b6ce0e9280.*

husks and leaves from pruned protective plants such as *Gliricidia* or Lamtoro. Based on their nutritional content, feed ingredients (*Gliricidia* or Lamtoro) are quality feed ingredients. Crude protein content of the CPH are around 10% while forages from Gamal and Lamtoro are more than 20% [47].
