**1. Introduction**

Indonesia, is one of the countries in Asia which has a large proportion of the population making a living in the agricultural sector. This is due to natural conditions, which mostly consist of wide expanses of land, considerable biodiversity, and a tropical climate. With this tropical climate, the sun's rays can continue to shine throughout the year.

Based on 2019 data, the total population in Indonesia reaches 268,074,600 people [1]. The number of farmers in Indonesia reaches 33,400,000 people or around 12.45% of the total population. Based on these data, as many as 8% are young farmers aged 20–39 years, and the rest are farmers aged >39 years. In line with the increasing population, of course the need for animal food consumption (meat) will also increase. The increasing demand for meat for the community will be directly proportional to the rate of demand for meat. Unfortunately, the rate of demand has not been supported by efforts to increase domestic beef production. Currently, the availability of national beef in the country is still experiencing shortages. Therefore, additional imported meat is needed. Based on the data, approximately 35% of the total national demand for beef has been met from the imported component. The availability of meat in the country is quite safe even though it has not been able to meet all the needs of the Indonesian population. In Indonesia, the largest livestock providers for meat are large livestock (cattle, buffalo, horses); small livestock groups (goats, sheep and pigs); poultry (broilers) and various livestock groups (rabbits, quails and pigeons). In 2019, the livestock population for producing meat from large livestock groups amounted to 16,930,000 heads (cattle); 1,134,000 head (buffalo) and 375,000 head (horse). Meanwhile, the population of small livestock groups is 18,463,000 heads (goats); 17,834,000 head (sheep); 8521 head (pigs). Potential sources of meat obtained from the group of poultry (broilers) amounted to: 3,169,805,000 heads. In addition to the potential for producing meat, the potential of livestock as a producer of milk also has a very important role. This potential is obtained from the dairy farming business. The population of dairy cows in Indonesia reaches 565,000 heads. In addition, the potential for egg-producing livestock is obtained from poultry with the respective population for native chickens (301,761,000 heads); laying hens (263,918,000 head); ducks (47,783,000) and muscovy ducks (9446) [2].

The livestock sub-sector is one of the most important and strategic sub-sectors. This role is particularly in the process of meeting the needs of food sources of protein for the community. The demand for food from livestock in Indonesia continues to increase. On average, the consumption of animal protein in the Indonesian population is still low (<4 g/capita/day). The income elasticity of the demand for livestock products is relatively high. Meanwhile, the fulfillment of the need for beef is lower than the amount needed. This condition is an opportunity as well as a challenge for prospective breeders and livestock industry entrepreneurs.

In an effort to meet the needs of animal protein for the entire population, the role of the livestock sub-sector as a provider is very urgent. The need for animal protein is obtained from meat, milk and eggs. The availability of domestic meat has not been able to be fulfilled as a whole. Therefore, efforts to import meat are still an alternative. For milk and egg products, the needs of the people in the country are still relatively sufficient.

In 2020, meat production in Indonesia will reach 425,978 tons. In 2021, it is estimated that the demand for meat will increase significantly to reach 696,956 tons. Apart from domestic production, there is still a remaining supply of imported beef and buffalo as well as live cattle which are equivalent to meat. The amount of meat reached 47,836 tons, so that the total meat stock reached 473,814 tons [3].

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

Improvements in livestock governance need to be carefully planned. Fulfilling the needs of livestock and improving management is expected to increase livestock productivity. This effort can be made through the application of the concept of integration between the livestock industry and the agricultural industry.

The concept of an integrated farming system (IFS) is one that has been implemented since ancient times. This concept is characterized by the close relationship between the agricultural industry and the livestock industry. In principle, this system will ensure the realization of a sustainable agricultural system. Based on the history of agriculture, the integrated farming system has been abandoned since the end of World War II. By this time, specialized farming systems and monocultures had developed rapidly. This system has received full support, especially in relation to the uncontrolled use of chemical fertilizers, the use of herbicides to control weeds, as well as the use of pesticides and fungicides in controlling pests and plant diseases. In addition, the application of modern agricultural tools has also replaced traditional farming systems.

In general, these changes in agricultural practice patterns have indeed succeeded in significantly increasing yields and productivity of agricultural businesses. However, in the long term, this practice does not show a sustainable effort and ends with a decrease in land quality, an increase in the process of land and water pollution, the emergence of certain variants of pests and plant diseases.

As an agricultural country, the population in Indonesia has utilized most of the natural resources of its life to meet their daily needs. Agricultural products are a basic need and fundamental for the continuity of human life. Agricultural products referred to are products from the activities of the agricultural industry itself, plantations, livestock and fisheries.

#### **2. Integration of cattle with rice plants**

Replace Rice (*Oryza sativa* L) is one of the most important cultivated plants in the history of human civilization. Rice is thought to have originated from India or Indochina and entered Indonesia by ancestors who migrated from mainland Asia around 1500 BC [4].

Several countries in Asia are rice producers such as China (28% of total world production). Then followed by India (21%), and Indonesia (9%). However, only a small proportion of world rice production is traded between countries (only 5% -6% of total world production). Thailand is a major rice exporting country (26% of the world's total traded rice). Next followed by Vietnam (15%) and the United States (11%). Indonesia is one of the rice importing countries (14% of the world's traded rice) as well as Bangladesh (4%) and Brazil (3%) [5].

Rice plants are one of the staple foods for most of the population in several countries in Asia, including Indonesia. The use of rice as a staple food has been going on for hundreds of years. Currently, almost 90% of rice production has been produced and consumed by the occupation countries in Asia. This is certainly a sign that the efforts made by humans to increase rice production are uncertain. One of the reasons is that the world's population will continue to grow at a rate of 1.3% per year. It is estimated that in 2025 the world's population is estimated to reach 8.3 billion [6].

Based on data, in Indonesia, the population in 2010 has reached 237.56 million people. To meet these needs, the need for rice has reached 33.06 million tons/ year, assuming 139 kg/capita/year. Related to the increase in the population which reached 241 million in 2011, the government has targeted rice production to be 68.59 million tons of milled dry rice (MDR) or the equivalent of 38.57 million tons of rice. This figure increased by 2.1 million tons of MDR or 3.2% compared to the target of rice production in 2010 [7].

Apart from rice, the commodity of meat is quite important. In the last 10 years, the development of the livestock sub-sector has shown tangible results, especially its contribution to gross domestic product (GDP). Total consumption of meat, eggs, and milk each increased by 7.6%; 5.22%; and 0.92%. However, the increase in consumption has not been matched by an increase in production, especially beef, whose population has even decreased to 4.1%/year [8]. To meet domestic demand for meat, part of this need must be imported. The demand for beef in 2014 refers to the consumption of meat per capita which has increased from 2013 of 2.2 kg/year to 2.36 kg/year. Meanwhile, the fulfillment of beef consumption originating from imported products is only 58,280 tons or 9.8 percent of feeder cattle amounting to 34,970 tons or equivalent to 175,407 head, while in the form of meat is 23,100 tons. To provide local meat needs in 2014, a cattle population of 19.7 million heads is needed, while for beef cattle, 17.6 million must be available, higher than the beef cattle population in 2013 of 16.8 million tons [9].

The beef self-sufficiency program has been launched since 2005 and is targeted to be achieved in 2010, but in reality it has not been achieved. Therefore, the government is re-targeting a new self-sufficiency and finally achieved in 2014. The concept of beef self-sufficiency is certainly not impossible to achieve if there is seriousness from all parties to develop domestic beef cattle agribusiness. Market potential and supporting resources should be an opportunity for the development of beef cattle with a comparative and competitive advantage in both local and export markets [10].

The cattle population in Indonesia can grow because the business is quite prospective. This is evident from the growing business of cattle fattening in a number of regions and the Organic Fertilizer Processing Unit (OFPU) Program since 2011. The farmer groups are given a number of cows and then the farmers process cow dung into compost. There are farmer groups that are able to develop cow dung and urine production as the main business, while cattle fattening is a side business. The sale of cow dung and urine provides an income of IDR 22,000/head/day, while the purchase of feed is only IDR 7000/head/day. The average compost price at OFPU ranges from IDR 600–750/kg [11].

The rice-livestock integration system (RLIS) has become part of the farming culture in Indonesia. This system is able to utilize local resources, namely by-products in the form of straw and bran, and livestock manure efficiently. The main characteristic of RLIS is that there is a link between plants and livestock, for example rice crop waste (straw) is used as animal feed, and vice versa, livestock manure can be used as organic fertilizer to meet plant nutrient requirements [12]. Therefore, the RLIS assessment program was initiated in conjunction with the rice paddy integrated crop management (ICM) assessment program. The ICM recommends the use of organic materials as one of the main components. Organic fertilizers are needed to increase rice yields, improve soil physical and chemical properties [13], and suppress the use of inorganic fertilizers [14]. Excessive use of nitrogen and continuous application of P fertilizer in some rice fields can damage the nutrient balance in the soil. The reduced content of organic matter in agricultural land in Indonesia today shows the need for efforts to increase the quality of soil organic matter content by two times to restore normal soil health conditions [15]. Nurawan et al. [16] stated that organic fertilizers can increase rice yield by 0.9 ton/ha compared to without organic fertilizers.

The RLIS provides benefits to farmers, namely cow manure and agricultural byproducts in the form of straw and bran. Utilization of waste from livestock manure

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

has not been optimal. It can be used as organic fertilizer to increase soil fertility or can be sold as a source of additional income. The available agricultural waste can be used as a source of quality feed so as to reduce the cost of providing feed [17]. The RLIS pattern is a solution to feeding problems. This pattern can strengthen food security through processing agricultural waste into high nutritional value feed and can meet the needs of cattle. In general, RLIS is one solution to achieve food security, independence and sovereignty.

The application of RLIS in several regions in Indonesia has had a significant effect on increasing farmers' income. The application of an integrated farming system encourages an increase in farmers' income. An overview of the benefits obtained through the implementation of an integrated farming system in Indonesia at 3 different provincial locations is presented in **Table 1**.

Based on the data in **Table 1**, it can be seen that the benefits of rice and livestock farming which are managed in an integrated manner will be able to provide higher profits than only in partial form. Farming that is done partially means farming that is only done singly (rice plants), while integrated farming means farming that combines rice plants with livestock. The straw waste generated from the rice cultivation business is then fermented and given to livestock. In Central Java Province, farming which is carried out in an integrated manner is able to provide a profit of 15.86% higher than that which is carried out partially. The same thing also happened to two other provinces, Bali Province and West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) Province at 29.19% and 27.72%, respectively. Another advantage can be seen in the component of the benefit cost ratio (BCR), which on average is higher in regions that implement


**Table 1.**

*Comparison of Revenue and Profits from Farming through the Application of the Rice–Livestock Integration System (RLIS) in 3 (three) Provinces in Indonesia [18].*

an integrated system respectively (1.57; 1.86 and 1.50) than partially (1.47; 1.45 and 1.34) for the three study areas. A higher BCR value indicates that an area that implements an integrated system has a high effectiveness in the use of inputs or production costs. Based on the aspect of market demand, there is a tendency for consumers to be more dominant in choosing organic agricultural products (using organic fertilizers and free of pesticides). This is probably due to considerations of health factors, although at a relatively higher price.

Based on the data in **Table 1**, the first assumption used is the cost of fertilizers. For farming that is managed in an integrated manner, the cost of fertilizer used is only around IDR 500,000-600,000/Ha. On the other hand, partially farming requires fertilizer costs ranging from IDR 621,000-733,000/ha. The use of organic fertilizers from livestock waste in integrated farming can save fertilizer costs by around 18.14–19.48% or around 8.8 percent of the total cost. The second assumption is the cost of feed. An integrated livestock business, rice crop waste in the form of straw can be used as feed. The cost required is only IDR 410,000-889,000/head, while partial farming (without hay feed) costs IDR. 735,000-1,377,000/head. Therefore, this cost can be assumed that farming businesses that utilize agricultural waste can save labor costs by 35.44–44.22% or around 5.26–6.38 percent of the total cost of livestock farming.

Since independence, Indonesia has not been able to meet food needs from its own production. Therefore, importing several foodstuffs must be an option. The food sovereignty program is one solution to reduce the rate of imports of food products [19]. The food sovereignty program is able to reverse the concept of modernization into things that are back to basic or back to nature by prioritizing production for the fulfillment and sustainability of local food and local markets through the provision of agricultural production inputs that utilize local wisdom and are environmentally friendly [20]. One thing that needs to be known is that the main principles and problems that arise in the food production process are selfreliance and self-sufficiency. As an effort to achieve self-sufficiency in food production, of course, an economic democracy is needed. For the government, they must take redistribution actions. Special parties such as the government must ensure the people's livelihoods and income by providing capital equitably in the agricultural sector. Matters related to the food production program, must rely on efforts to mobilize the largest portion of small-scale food producers. It is focused on marginal food producing sectors, providing access to resources such as land, water, seeds and livestock [21].

It is known that, Indonesia has absolute advantages (comparative and competitive) in building food independence and sovereignty. Of course, this potential has been characterized by several things, such as: (1) Indonesia is characterized by being on the equator with a tropical climate and a very conducive sunlight intensity for agricultural production; (2) availability of land and water so that it is not a limiting factor which is quite worrying; (3) availability of living natural resources accompanied by local food diversity; (4) advances in food production technology, including those that have developed in Asia; and (5) the government's 15 million ha perennial agricultural land program has not been implemented properly [17].

Food sovereignty and food self-sufficiency programs always require a strong food security. This includes food availability, accessibility, price stability, utilization, quality, and safety [22]. As an effort to create food sovereignty, the government needs to make efforts to protect its farmers. In addition, the government always encourages farmers to be ready to compete with food corporations. Of course, this will have a negative impact on farmers. A state subsidies program by protecting trade and providing adequate subsidies to farmers must be implemented.

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

The government must allocate an adequate subsidy budget. The percentage of the food subsidy budget must be greater than gross domestic products (GDP) [23].

One alternative strategy that is quite prospective in building food independence and sovereignty is to utilize local resources that are supported by agriculture-based industries, soft credit schemes, and infrastructure development in rural areas. This is predicted to be able to create a market for primary agricultural production and new jobs in rural areas [17].

The concept of integration of the livestock industry with the agricultural industry, especially rice, can be seen from their respective roles. The role of livestock (beef cattle) in the rice cultivation process acts as a land processor by generating energy. Livestock waste in the form of manure released during the soil processing process will be decomposed so that it can fertilize the hardened soil due to the use of very intensive chemical fertilizers. In his calculations, an adult cow can produce approximately 8–10 kg of manure per day which can be processed into 4–5 kg of compost/day [24].

Liquid waste from livestock in the form of urine is collected from livestock disposal. Then stored in a plastic drum, processed with additional ingredients which are then deposited. Liquid fertilizer from urine can be used to fertilize rice plants through leaf spraying techniques. Organic fertilizers from feces and urine are much desired by consumers, but the amount is still very limited [25].

The existence and role of livestock waste has not completely replaced the position of chemical fertilizers, however, the deficiency of several nutrient compounds in chemical fertilizers can at least be complemented by organic fertilizers from livestock manure [26]. The cattle culture management system which is carried out intensively by considering the aspects of feed (concentrate and fermented rice straw), collective cage management, and animal health can increase the average daily gain (ADG) of 0.89 kg/head/day during the fattening period. This value is higher than the farmer method which is only 0.29 kg/head/day. The resulting ADG increased by about 0.6 kg/head/day (67.42%), so that it was able to produce ADG from 0.29 to 0.89 kg/day. The process of fattening cattle is not only for achieving high ADG values, however, how can cattle use rice straw as agricultural waste which has not been optimally used. This of course will be able to reduce farmers' expenses from production costs and most importantly environmentally friendly [27].

The level of livestock productivity is influenced by at least 70% from environmental factors, and the remaining 30% is genetic factors. Feed (up to 60%) is one of the environmental factors that play the biggest role in productivity. Based on this, it can be said that, although livestock have prime genetic potential, but not supported by quality and available feed, livestock productivity will be difficult to achieve. The important role and contribution of the rice plant business in the management of cattle feed is the presence of agricultural waste in the form of rice straw (whether or not fermented). However, rice straw that does not undergo a fermentation process, of course, cannot be fully digested by livestock. This is caused by the high lignin and hemicellulose compounds in the straw waste [28].

The biodegradation process of lignin compounds in straw aims to remove lignin, increase the digestibility of cellulose so that the quality of straw as animal feed will increase. The use of TLiD and BOpR bacterial isolates is able to degrade lignin and organochlorin (lignolytic). These isolates are specific for growth on rice straw. Application of TLiD and BOpR isolates in the fermentation process of rice straw can reduce the lignin content of rice straw up to 100% on the 7th day of fermentation and increase the crude protein of rice straw. High degradation efficiency of isolates where lignin degradation is higher than cellulose [29]. Processed agricultural waste (by-product) has a protein content of 12% higher than grass protein content of

around 9%. The palatability of processed feed is better because it contains molasses and pikuten (commercial minerals) [30].

Rice plant waste in the form of straw needs to be utilized optimally. The straw burning activity will reduce the nutrients contained in it. The straw that is stored in the land without fermentation is very difficult to be bound by soil particles. Therefore, this waste requires special attention so that its quality can be improved. Compost processing from straw can be done in two ways, namely: 1) stacked and turned and 2) stacked with ventilation without turning. The decomposition process can be accelerated by using a decomposer in the form of microorganisms. Several commercial decomposers are known to contain several kinds of microbes, for example M-Dec products containing *Trichoderma harzianum*, *Aspergillus sp*., and *Trametes sp*. Orgadec products contain *Trichoderma pseudokoningi*, and *Cytophaga sp*. EM-4 products contain photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid, actinomycetes, yeast, and fermented fungi [31].

Probion product is a type of animal feed additive that can be used directly as a concentrate feed mixture to improve the quality of rice straw through the fermentation process. Probion's product is a consortium of microbes from ruminants that have been enriched with essential minerals for microbial growth needs. Ripe compost is characterized by a temperature that is already constant (40–50°C), crumbs, and has a dark brown color. The compost obtained is ± 500 kg with C-organic quality >12%, C/N ratio 15–25%, 40–50% moisture content, and light brown-black color [32].

Rice straw as agricultural waste has abundant potential, but has not been utilized optimally as cattle feed. One of the obstacles is the high crude fiber content, but very low protein content and digestibility. The use of straw directly or as single feed for livestock certainly cannot meet the nutritional value needed by livestock during the production process [33]. Utilization of straw waste from rice plants as animal feed is one of the efforts in realizing an integrated system of rice plants with livestock. A complete description of the integration model was presented in **Figure 1**.

The nutritional content of straw can be increased through the fermentation process using probiotics as a bio-degradation. The fermented straw has a protein content that almost matches the quality of elephant grass. The fermented straw should be stored as soon as possible in a dry place so that its quality and quality are maintained. The potential of straw as animal feed is able to streamline the labor

#### **Figure 1.**

*Utilization of straw waste as animal feed to support the integration of rice plants with cattle. Source: https:// banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2015/09/02/peternak-ganti-rumput-dengan-jerami.*

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

that farmers have to prepare to find grass. In fact, the results of the study show that providing agricultural straw waste to livestock by adding microbes and urea has been shown to improve livestock productivity [34]. Rice plants will produce straw as a by-product. In each hectare, rice fields will produce fresh straw waste of 12–15 tonnes/ha/season. Furthermore, waste that has gone through the fermentation process will produce 5–8 tons/ha which can be used to meet the feed needs of 2–3 cows/year [14].

The use of microbes in the straw fermentation process is very effective in improving the quality of the straw. The nutritional composition of rice straw that has been fermented using a Starbio starter as much as 0.06% of the weight of rice straw generally shows an increase in quality compared to unfermented rice straw. The fermentation process is able to increase the crude protein content of rice straw from 4.23% to 8.14% which is then followed by a decrease in crude fiber content. These results indicate that, Starbio starter is a proteolytic microbe that can produce enzymes to break down proteins into polypeptides which then become simple peptides. The application of microbial starter was able to reduce the rice straw cell wall content from 73.41% to 66.14%. The lignocellulose and hemicellulose bonds of rice straw will be released during the fermentation process. The activity of lignolytic microbes in the microbial starter helps to break down the lignocellulose bonds so that cellulose and lignin can be released from these bonds by the activity of the lignase enzyme. The decrease in cellulose and lignin content during fermentation is one proof that these bacteria are working well. Lignin compounds in straw are a physical barrier that can inhibit the digestibility of enzymes in plant tissue. In addition, lignin binds closely to hemicellulose. The decrease in cell wall content indicates that the process of breaking down cellulose cell walls has occurred so that the feed will be more easily digested by livestock [35]. The fermentation results can increase the nutritional level of the straw Thus, the increase in live weight of livestock can increase very significantly. Cattle that are given additional feed such as straw and probiotics are able to give a live weight gain of 0.56–0.68 kg/head/day higher than the control [36].

One type of waste produced from the rice processing is bran. This bran consists of a layer of aleurone and a small portion of endosperm, pericarp, pigment, and germ [37]. The amount of bran that can be produced is as much as 8–10% of the weight of milled rice, so that its availability is quite abundant. Rice bran contains dry ingredients as much as 88.30%; crude fiber 15.30%; ash 9.90%, 10.10% crude protein, 4.90% crude fat, and 48.10% BETN [36]. Bran is a source of carbohydrates that are easily available and very effective in improving the quality of fermentation in rice straw [38]. Giving rice bran and Bioplas probiotics to pregnant cows of local cattle can increase the body weight of the cows by about 0.5 kg/head/day and can increase the birth weight of the calves by about 10.5 kg compared to the control 8.9 kg. Feed consumption has increased by about 5.2 kg. In addition, giving bioplas bran and probiotics to cows could re-estrus after 62 days after giving birth compared to controls about 85 days after giving birth [39].

Utilization of solid waste (manure) and liquid (urine) in cattle cultivation as organic fertilizer is expected to be used as a source of additional income for breeders. In addition, it can improve the fertility of agricultural land. The introduction of technology for the integration of livestock with rice plants was able to increase farmers' income by IDR 34,488,800, − higher than traditional technology of IDR 22,903,200, − Based on the results of the R/C ratio analysis, the value was 6, higher than the traditional pattern with R/C ratio of 4, so it is feasible to be cultivated by farmers. Rice farming which is integrated with cattle is an efficient and effective farming for improving the farming income of the people by selecting narrow land in rural areas. Farming with rice-cattle integration pattern can

increase farmers' income by 70% on rice scale farming with 5 ha of plant area and cattle ownership of 20 heads [25].

The development of cattle using the RLIS method in several potential areas has a positive impact on increasing the domestic cattle population. The result is expected to be able to be self-sufficient in meat. This program aims to maintain the balance of local livestock stocks as highly valuable germplasm. In addition, it is also aimed at reducing the need for meat imports which have been very difficult to stem due to the high domestic demand for meat [40]. Another positive impact that occurs is the ability to improve the performance of other farmer groups in terms of buying and selling cattle. With a pattern of planting rice 3 times/year and being a technical irrigation area, the straw is entirely for animal feed needs. The provision of straw for animal feed is quite high, namely 25 kg/day/head for seed cows and 31 kg/day/head for fattened cows. Several obstacles faced in implementing the RLIS pattern, namely: (1) the working mechanism of the group did not work well; (2) the utilization of the collective pen is not optimal at all so that the level of utilization of the pen facilities is still low, (3) the process of mentoring and coaching is not effective because the position of the cattle cannot be kept in one collective pen. As a result, the existing livestock will be scattered according to the domicile position of the breeders. Another obstacle faced is that the transportation process from the compost location to the fields is still burdensome. On the other hand, the use of manure by group farmers is not yet entrenched. This requires socialization so that available manure can be utilized [41].

The RLIS program was initiated in conjunction with the ICM program. In addition, the development of the RLIS needs to be carried out through a farmer group approach to facilitate agricultural extension, adoption of rice-livestock technology, and government assistance channels. The advantage of the rice-livestock integration pattern is the use of potential plant waste as a source of animal feed, utilizing livestock manure as manure, creating new jobs in rural areas, and increasing community participation in realizing agribusiness that is competitive, environmentally friendly, and independent. Obstacles to SIPT in realizing food security include the working mechanism of farmer groups that has not been running well, the use of collective cages has not been optimal, the process of mentoring and coaching has not been effective because the location of livestock is scattered, the use of manure has not become a culture among rice farmers, and the implementation of RLIS is carried out throughout province and no clear progress. Future improvements in RLIS should be focused on areas of production centers so that they are large-scale and have a significant impact on population growth and livestock productivity. The processing of livestock waste is close to the rice planting location to minimize transportation costs so as to create zero waste and a good integrated farming system to realize food sovereignty [42].

Rice-livestock integration technology can improve additional income for farmers in a condition of synergy. Utilization of farm input from sources has been available optimally. Products produced during the rice production process have been integrated with cattle fattening, including straw and feed which have economic value. Cow manure is used through the recycling process into biogas. Worms and organic fertilizers are used for fertilizing plants, while livestock waste is used to fertilize fish ponds. Paddy fields, in addition to the main products of rice, also produce bran and straw which can be used as animal feed. In this case, all waste, both livestock and plants, has added value and does not pollute the environment.

The RLIS in the agricultural system is a very important strategy to realize environmentally friendly farming, the welfare of farmers and rural communities. RLIS is one of the government's programs to realize food sovereignty which has become the right of all Indonesian people to obtain food that is healthy, sufficient,

#### *The Role of the Livestock Farming Industry in Supporting the Global Agricultural Industry DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97868*

and easily accessible for survival. The principle of RLIS is farming that applies the concept of zero waste by utilizing local resources, namely rice straw, bran, and livestock manure efficiently. The potential for agricultural by-product (by-product) in the form of straw is very abundant, but it has not been used as cattle feed for cattle. The nutritional value of straw can be increased through probiotic fermentation and almost matches the quality of elephant grass. The technology of processing livestock manure into compost is an alternative solution to environmental problems that can solve critical rice field problems. The integration of cattle and rice farming is an efficient and effective farming for improving the farming income of the people with narrow land ownership in rural areas.
