**5. Challenges and prospects**

We believe that future strategies could involve incorporating smart nanostructures to simulate the extracellular matrix in addition to extracellular electric based on the intracellular electric charges to follow the polarization and adhesion of cells in the retina. For example, when the level of light changes, the system would control the transferred electrical signals by implants. Therefore we believe that nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes could serve to control the extracellular electrical charge incorporation nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticles for light sensation with a size of less than 10 nm to control the thermal stability. **Figure 5** is showing the retinal cell polarization when external electrical charge

#### **Figure 5.**

*The confocal microscopy image of seeded retinal ganglion cells into the random polypyrrole/graphene/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofibers (a), polypyrrole/graphene nanofibers (b), the aligned polypyrrole/ graphene/poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanofibers (c), the SEM mapping of loaded gold nanoparticles into the polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofiber (d) and the energy-dispersive X-ray for loaded gold nanoparticles into the polyvinylpyrrolidone nanofibers (e) [24, 26].*

*Application of Nanowires for Retinal Regeneration DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90149*

supplied into the aligned nanofiber [26] and how nanofibers can simulate the extracellular matrixwith loading the gold nanoparticles into the nanofibers which done by our team [24].

Finally, we envisage the use of stem cells incorporation of smart nanostructures and instruct the formation and regeneration of retina. Smart nanostructures with the ability to control the neural signals and simulation of the extracellular matrix could potentially circulate inside the retina and repair by cell adhesion, and in conjunction with smart nanostructures followed by transferring the adjusted signals to the brain in order to form clear vision. Therefore, our team has suggested to use the carbon nanowires to prepare the appropriate scaffold that can support both extracellular matrix and extracellular electric for improving the cell adhesion and light sensation.
