Preface

Pathogenic bacteria reveal their pathogenicity and cause infection by their virulence factors such as surface proteins that lead bacterial adherence to host cells, cell surface carbohydrates, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides of Gramnegative bacteria, biofilm, toxins that lead bacteria to invade and damage host cells, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotic resistance genes, antiphagocytic factors, and so on. Virulence factors enable bacteria to survive and infect the host's cells. Bacterial pathogens are becoming the main problem in hospital- and community-acquired infections. Thus, antibacterial treatment strategies are needed to prevent bacterial adherence, invasion, and infection.

Due to widespread antimicrobial resistance, multidrug-resistant pathogens that are the main causes of morbidity and mortality have emerged worldwide. They have the ability to synthesize a number of enzymes such as extended spectrum β-lactamases, induced β-lactamases, carbapenamases, metallo-β-lactamases, New Delhi metalloβ-lactamases, and many others. It is hard to treat the strains that are resistant to antibiotics due to the causing recurrent and untreatable infections. This book presents examples of pathogenesis, virulence factors, and treatment strategies.

This book contains thirteen chapters from valued experts in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Qatar, Serbia, United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a useful resource for researchers interested in the study of bacteriology.

I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this book. I would also like to thank Author Service Manager Sara Debeuc and IntechOpen for their concern and encouragement in publishing this book.

**II**

**Section 3**

Pathology of Gangrene *by Yutaka Tsutsumi*

Leprosy in the Modern Era

Human Health and Economy

in a Wide Range of Food Products

in Southeastern Nigeria

**Section 4**

Pathogens

*and Hadi Yassine*

Fournier's Gangrene of the Shoulder Girdle

*Paulo Santoro Belangero and Benno Ejnisman*

*by Lilia M. Mancilla-Becerra, Teresa Lías-Macías, Cristina L. Ramírez-Jiménez and Jeannette Barba León*

Infections **93**

**Chapter 7 95**

**Chapter 8 147**

**Chapter 9 157**

**Chapter 10 169**

Diagnosis and Antimicrobial Control **185**

**Chapter 11 187**

**Chapter 12 203**

**Chapter 13 215**

Urine Tests for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases and Antibiotic-Resistant

*by Nahla O. Eltai, Hashim Alhussain, Sanjay Doiphode, Asma Al Thani* 

Silver Nanoparticles Offer Effective Control of Pathogenic Bacteria

Bacteriological Quality of Borehole and Sachet Water from a Community

*by Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada and Gerardo Pavel Espino-Solis*

*by Ogueri Nwaiwu, Chiugo Claret Aduba and Oluyemisi Eniola Oni*

*by Gyoguevara Patriota, Luiz Marcelo Bastos Leite, Nivaldo Cardozo Filho,* 

*by Syed Manzoor Kadri, Marija Petkovic, Arshi Taj and Ailbhe H. Brady*

Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens: Impact on

**Dr. Sahra Kırmusaoğlu** Assistant Professor, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Haliç University, Beyoğlu-Istanbul, Turkey

> **Dr. Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj** Panjab University, India

**1**

Section 1

Microbial Mechanism of

Pathogenicity

Section 1
