**5.2 Nutrient absorption**

The developed biofilm regularly contains voids and water channels that give an expanded surface zone to nutrient trade. As the water channels are interconnected and dive deep into the biofilm, it guarantees supplement accessibility to microbial networks dwelling somewhere inside the biofilm. The biofilm traps the follow component and supplement from outside condition through physical trapping or electrostatic interaction. The complex biofilm design additionally gives the chance to metabolic cooperation, and specialties are framed inside these spatially composed structures. The microcolonies created in these specialties vary in their structure removal and redistribution of metabolic end product. As these microcolonies are orchestrated one next to the other, it gives a great chance to the trading of substrate, evacuation, and redistribution of metabolic finished result [23].

#### **5.3 Gene transfer**

Biofilm offer an appropriate niche during which bacterium of various microbial community will grow in shut proximity to every possible vicinity. This provides associate in nursing area for the exchange of extrachromosomal genetic parts like plasmid inclusion body. Indeed, the transfer of inclusion body deoxyribonucleic acid via conjugation occurs at higher frequency within the biofilm cells as compared to their planktonic counterparts. The horizontal transfer of conjugative plasmid adds to the event and stabilization of biofilm. Since inclusion body could have genes that provide resistance to several antimicrobials agents, biofilm formation also offers a mechanism for the unfolding of microorganism resistance to antimicrobial agents [24]. Conjugal transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid (plasmid) is not the sole mechanism of factor transfer in a very microbial biofilm; another mechanism like transformation also can be expected, as an amount of deoxyribonucleic acid is additionally found in the biofilm structure. This deoxyribonucleic acid is assumed to be discharged within the biofilm matrix by the lysis of microorganism cells as found within the case of *Streptococcus pneumonia* and *Acinetobacter calcoaceticus*. The dense population within the microcolonies of biofilm conjointly provides a wonderful chance for the uptake of this extracellular matrix deoxyribonucleic acid [25]. Researchers observed a high frequency transformation within the young and actively growing biofilms of *Acinetobacter sp.* BD413 and correlative enlarged transformation frequency with the deoxyribonucleic acid concentration and located no saturation [26].

#### **5.4 Disease**

The role of biofilm forming microorganism in mediating numerous infectious diseases is changing into rather more necessary with an increasing numbers of infections in humans. Biofilm infection in human includes microorganism endocarditis (infection of heart valves), otitis (infection of the middle ear), chronic microorganism inflammation (infection of the prostate gland), cystic fibrosis (infection of lower metabolic process system), dentistry diseases, and most medical device-connected infections [27]. These diseases are well reviewed by researchers. *Vibrion* infectious disease which is the causative agent of infectious disease has been famous to endure transition to conditionally viable environmental cells, once discharged into the environment. Recently, researchers showed that this process involves assemblage sensing dependent biofilm formation, the factors that enhances the waterborne unfold of infectious disease epidemic [28]. In *Acinetobacter baumannii*, a medical building pathogen, biofilm formation on abiotic and biological surfaces is understood to influence its virulence. Biofilm microorganisms are consistently resistant to the antimicrobial stress, and so their demolition with antibiotic treatment could be a prime concern of medical analysis [29, 30].

### **6. Conclusion**

The nature of biofilm structure and therefore the physiological attributes of biofilm organisms have inherent resistance to antimicrobial agents, no matter these antimicrobial agents are antibiotics or disinfectants. From the results obtained from the study, it can be concluded that the microbial strains that have the ability to produce biofilms become methicillin resistant. This supports the argument that biofilms play major role in providing the antibiotic resistance to bacteria.

**11**

**Author details**

Asma Bashir, Neha Farid\*, Kashif Ali and Kiran Fatima

\*Address all correspondence to: neha\_farid@hotmail.com

Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Pakistan

provided the original work is properly cited.

Department of Biosciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

*Development of Biofilms for Antimicrobial Resistance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90062*

There is no conflict of interest.

**Conflict of interest**

*Development of Biofilms for Antimicrobial Resistance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90062*
