**4. Taxonomic diversity**

There are many different types of microorganisms which are known for their property to form biofilm. These include both the gram-positive and gram-negative species. The gram-positive bacteria include *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Bacillus species*, *Staphylococcus species*, and *lactic acid bacteria*, which includes *Lactobacillus plantarum* and *Lactococcus lactis*. And the gram-negative species include *Escherichia coli* and *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. It is also been observed that other bacteria such as *Cyanobacteria* have the ability to form the biofilms in the aqueous environments. The production of biofilms is also the property of microbes which are known to colonize the plants. These microbes include *Pseudomonas putida*, *Pseudomonas fluorescens*, and connected *pseudomonads*. They are mostly the plant-associated microorganisms and are known to be present on roots, leaves, and within the soil. This is the reason which gives them the property of producing

**9**

*Development of Biofilms for Antimicrobial Resistance DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90062*

and *microalgae* [19].

**5. Biological importance**

environment into the biofilm.

shock, and desiccation.

**5.2 Nutrient absorption**

finished result [23].

**5.1 Safety from the environment**

biofilms in botanical areas. Other than these microbes, there are many other nitrogen-fixing symbionts found in legumes such as the genus *Rhizobium leguminosarum,* and *Sinorhizobium meliloti* form biofilms on legume roots and different inert surfaces. Along with microorganisms, biofilms also are generated by archaea by a variety of eukaryotic organisms including fungi, e.g., *Cryptococcus laurentii*

The biofilm gives a safe house and homeostasis to the living beings living inside

EPS has appeared to have metal binding property and consequently can sequester lethal metal particles and give defensive functions. In addition to metal binding capacity, the EPS can likewise sequester nutrients and minerals from the environment. This coupling property of EPS is basically because of the nearness of ionizable functional groups, for example, carboxyl, phosphoric, amine, and hydroxyl groups. Researchers found that the sanitized EPS from the container of a freshwater sediment bacterium is fit for restricting copper. Farag detailed the concentration of metals (Ar, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Zn) in various nourishment web segments [20]. Likewise, different authors have announced the stimulatory impact of metal particles on the biofilm development. Researchers in 1997 observed an enlistment of biofilm in the developing colony of *Archaeoglobus fulgidus* when exposed to high grouping of copper and nickel. Bereswill explained the creation of amylovoran: the fundamental polysaccharide of EPS in *Erwinia amylovora*, in the presence of copper [21]. Ordax demonstrated that the EPS removed from *E. amylovora* can bind copper cations and in this manner inferred that the EPS favors the survival of *E. amylovora* under copper pressure [22]. Comparable perceptions of increment in EPS generation within the sight of metal pressure have been accounted for other bacterial species. EPS is additionally known to give a certain level of assurance to the biofilm cells from different natural stresses, for example, UV radiation, pH shifts, osmotic

The developed biofilm regularly contains voids and water channels that give an expanded surface zone to nutrient trade. As the water channels are interconnected and dive deep into the biofilm, it guarantees supplement accessibility to microbial networks dwelling somewhere inside the biofilm. The biofilm traps the follow component and supplement from outside condition through physical trapping or electrostatic interaction. The complex biofilm design additionally gives the chance to metabolic cooperation, and specialties are framed inside these spatially composed structures. The microcolonies created in these specialties vary in their structure removal and redistribution of metabolic end product. As these microcolonies are orchestrated one next to the other, it gives a great chance to the trading of substrate, evacuation, and redistribution of metabolic

it, and the imperative segment of this safe house is the extracellular polymeric substance network. This network can possibly forestall the flood of certain antimicrobial operators in this way confining the dissemination of these mixes from the

biofilms in botanical areas. Other than these microbes, there are many other nitrogen-fixing symbionts found in legumes such as the genus *Rhizobium leguminosarum,* and *Sinorhizobium meliloti* form biofilms on legume roots and different inert surfaces. Along with microorganisms, biofilms also are generated by archaea by a variety of eukaryotic organisms including fungi, e.g., *Cryptococcus laurentii* and *microalgae* [19].
