**Author details**

Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

\*Address all correspondence to: sbbhardwaj2002@yahoo.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**89**

*Enterococci: An Important Nosocomial Pathogen DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90550*

> [8] Gastmeier P, Schroder C, Behnke M, Meyer M, Meyer E, Geffers C. Dramatic increase in vancomycin resistant enterococci in Germany. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

> [9] Data from the ECDC Surveillance. Atlas-Antimicrobial Resistance. 2017. Available from: http//ecdc.europa. eu/en/healthtopics/antimicrobial\_ resistance/database/pages/table-reports.

[10] Simner PJ, Adam H, Baxter M, McCracken M, Golding G, Karlowsky JA, et al. Canadian antimicrobial resistance.

[11] Lodise TP, Mckinnon PS, Tam VH, Rybak MJ. Clinical outcomes for patients with bacteremia caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in a level 1 trauma center. Clinical Infectious

[12] Vonberg RP, Chberny IF, Kola A, Mattner F, Borgmann S, Dettenkofer M,

[13] Fortun J, Coque TM, Davila PM. Risk factors associated with ampicillin resistance in patients with bacteremia caused by *E. faecium*. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.

[14] Abebe W, Endris M, Tiruneh M, Moges F. Prevalence of vancomycin resistant enterococci and associated risk factors among clients with and without HIV in Northwest Ethiopia: A cross

Epidemiology of vancomyccin resistant enterococci in Canadian hospitals (CANWARD study, 2007 to 2013). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2015;**59**(7):4315-4317

Diseases. 2002;**34**(7):922-929

et al. Prevention and control of the spread of vancomycin resistant enterococci: Results of a workshop held by the German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology. Anaesthesist.

2007;**56**(2):151-157

2002;**50**(6):1003-1009

2014;**69**(6):1660-1664

aspx

[1] De Perio MA, Yarnold PR, Warrent J, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with non *Enterococcus faecalis*, non *E. faecium* enterococcal bacteremia. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology.

[2] Sakka V, Tsiodras S, Galani L, et al. Risk factors and predictors of mortality in patients colonized with vancomycin resistant enterococci. Clinical Microbiology and Infection.

[3] Schmidt-Hieber M, Blau IW, Schwartz S, et al. Intensified strategies to control vancomycin-resistant Enterococci in immunocompromised patients. International Journal of Hematology. 2007;**86**(2):158-162

[4] Diaz Granados CA, Zimmer SM, Klein M, et al. Comparison of mortality

resistant and Vancomycin susceptible enterococcal bloodstream infections: A meta analysis. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;**41**(3):327-333

[5] Ruoff KL, de La ML, Murtagh MJ, Spargo JD, Ferraro MJ. Species identities of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1990;**28**(3):435

Church DL, et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcomes for enterococcus species, blood stream infections. A population based study. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014;**26**:76-82

assosciated with vancomycin

[6] Billington EO, Phang SH, Gregson DB, Pitout JD, Ross T,

[7] Gaca AO, Gilmore MS. Killing of VRE *E. faecalis* by commensal strains: Evidence for evolution and accumulation of mobile elements in the absence of competition. Gut Microbes. 2016;**7**:90-96. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1127482

**References**

2006;**27**(1):28-33

2008;**14**(1):14-21

*Enterococci: An Important Nosocomial Pathogen DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90550*
