Contents



Preface

Due to widespread antimicrobial resistance, multidrug-resistant pathogens that are the main causes of morbidity and mortality have emerged worldwide. They have the ability to synthesize a number of enzymes such as extended spectrum β-lactamases, induced β-lactamases, carbapenamases, metallo-β-lactamases, New Delhi metalloβ-lactamases, and many others. It is hard to treat the strains that are resistant to antibiotics due to the causing recurrent and untreatable infections. This book presents examples of pathogenesis, virulence factors, and treatment strategies.

This book contains thirteen chapters from valued experts in Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Qatar, Serbia, United Kingdom, and the United States. It is a useful resource for researchers interested in the study of

I would like to thank all the authors who contributed to this book. I would also like to thank Author Service Manager Sara Debeuc and IntechOpen for their concern

> **Dr. Sahra Kırmusaoğlu** Assistant Professor,

> > Haliç University,

Panjab University,

India

Faculty of Arts and Sciences,

**Dr. Sonia Bhonchal Bhardwaj**

Beyoğlu-Istanbul, Turkey

Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics,

Pathogenic bacteria reveal their pathogenicity and cause infection by their virulence factors such as surface proteins that lead bacterial adherence to host cells, cell surface carbohydrates, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharides of Gramnegative bacteria, biofilm, toxins that lead bacteria to invade and damage host cells, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotic resistance genes, antiphagocytic factors, and so on. Virulence factors enable bacteria to survive and infect the host's cells. Bacterial pathogens are becoming the main problem in hospital- and community-acquired infections. Thus, antibacterial treatment strategies are needed to prevent bacterial

adherence, invasion, and infection.

and encouragement in publishing this book.

bacteriology.
