**Conflict of interest**

Authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest related to this paper.

## **Author details**

José Julio Fernández Rodríguez1 and Jackeline Argüello Lemus2 \*

1 University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

2 National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

\*Address all correspondence to: jarle09@hotmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**85**

*Digital Media and the Challenges for Fundamental Rights*

[10] Subramanian A, Kessler M. The Hyperglobalization of Trade and its Future. Working Paper. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics; 2013. Retrieved from: https://piie.com/sites/default/files/ publications/wp/wp13-6.pdf [Accessed:

[11] Márquez de la Rubia F. De la

[12] Roudometof V. Glocalization. A Critical Introduction. London:

[14] Wolton D. Internet ¿y después?

[15] Rosenfeld M. El nacimiento y la evolución de los derechos humanos en Estados Unidos. Cuadernos

Constitucionales de la Cátedra Fadrique

[17] Fernández Rodríguez JJ. Reflexiones

fundamentales. In: Bagni S, Pegoraro L, editors. Internet, decentramento, diritti.

[18] Hick S, Halpin EF, Hoskins E, editors. Human Rights and the Internet.

[19] Smith G. Content on the Internet. Law, Regulation, Convergence and Human Rights. International Law and the Hague's 750th Anniversary.

[16] Mill JS. On Libert. London: John

Barcelona: Gedisa; 2000

Furió Ceriol.1997. pp. 18-19

sobre Internet y los derechos

Parker and Sohn; 1859

Bologna: CLUEB; 2006

London: MacMillan; 2000

Barcelona: Gedisa; 1999

[13] Mattelart A. La mundialización de la comunicación. Barcelona: Paidós; 1998

antiglobalización a la nueva gobernanza. Madrid: Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos; 2017. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/ articulo?codigo=6231816 [Accessed:

October 20, 2018]

October 20, 2018]

Routledge; 2016

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82435*

[1] Fernández Rodríguez JJ. Lo público y lo privado en [Internet]. Intimidad y libertad de expresión en la Red. Mexico City: University Autonomous National of Mexico; 2004. 238 p. Retrieved from: https://biblio.juridicas.unam. mx/bjv/detalle-libro/1167-lo-publicoy-lo-privado-en-internet-intimidady-libertad-de-expresion-en-la-red [Accessed: August 15, 2018]

[2] Mcluhan M. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: University of Toronto Press;

[3] European Parliament. Human Rights and Democracy. Brussels: European Parliament; 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ RegData/etudes/PERI/2017/600413/ IPOL\_PERI(2017)600413\_EN.pdf [Accessed: October 22, 2018]

[4] Gill-Pedro E. Eu Law, Fundamental Rights and National Democracy.

[5] Gutiérrez Gutiérrez I. Dignidad de la persona y derechos fundamentales.

[6] Fernández Segado F. Dignidad de la persona, derechos fundamentales, justicia constitucional y otros estudios de Derecho

Público. Madrid: Dykinson; 2008

[7] Rubio Llorente F. Derechos fundamentales, derechos humanos y Estado de Derecho. Fundamentos. Cuadernos monográficos de Teoría del Estado, Derecho Público e Historia Constitucional. 2006;**4**:203-233

[8] Castells M. The Galaxy Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001

[9] Weinstein M, editor. Globalization. What's new? New York: Columbia

University Press; 2005

London: Routledge; 2018

Madrid: Marcial Pons; 2005

1962

**References**

*Digital Media and the Challenges for Fundamental Rights DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82435*

## **References**

*A Complex Systems Perspective of Communication from Cells to Societies*

the public renewed public systems. New forms of digital communication, correctly used, can help us. Let's take advantage of their strengths and mitigate their weaknesses.

This paper is carried out within the framework of the project DER2017- 83436-C2-1-R: "Responses in a Rule of Law to Security Challenges: Democratic Strengthening, Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizenship," funded by the Ministry of Economy, Science and Competitiveness of the Kingdom of Spain.

Authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest related to this paper.

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

and Jackeline Argüello Lemus2

\*

**84**

**Author details**

**Acknowledgements**

**Conflict of interest**

José Julio Fernández Rodríguez1

1 University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain

2 National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico

\*Address all correspondence to: jarle09@hotmail.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Fernández Rodríguez JJ. Lo público y lo privado en [Internet]. Intimidad y libertad de expresión en la Red. Mexico City: University Autonomous National of Mexico; 2004. 238 p. Retrieved from: https://biblio.juridicas.unam. mx/bjv/detalle-libro/1167-lo-publicoy-lo-privado-en-internet-intimidady-libertad-de-expresion-en-la-red [Accessed: August 15, 2018]

[2] Mcluhan M. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man. Toronto: University of Toronto Press; 1962

[3] European Parliament. Human Rights and Democracy. Brussels: European Parliament; 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ RegData/etudes/PERI/2017/600413/ IPOL\_PERI(2017)600413\_EN.pdf [Accessed: October 22, 2018]

[4] Gill-Pedro E. Eu Law, Fundamental Rights and National Democracy. London: Routledge; 2018

[5] Gutiérrez Gutiérrez I. Dignidad de la persona y derechos fundamentales. Madrid: Marcial Pons; 2005

[6] Fernández Segado F. Dignidad de la persona, derechos fundamentales, justicia constitucional y otros estudios de Derecho Público. Madrid: Dykinson; 2008

[7] Rubio Llorente F. Derechos fundamentales, derechos humanos y Estado de Derecho. Fundamentos. Cuadernos monográficos de Teoría del Estado, Derecho Público e Historia Constitucional. 2006;**4**:203-233

[8] Castells M. The Galaxy Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001

[9] Weinstein M, editor. Globalization. What's new? New York: Columbia University Press; 2005

[10] Subramanian A, Kessler M. The Hyperglobalization of Trade and its Future. Working Paper. Washington: Peterson Institute for International Economics; 2013. Retrieved from: https://piie.com/sites/default/files/ publications/wp/wp13-6.pdf [Accessed: October 20, 2018]

[11] Márquez de la Rubia F. De la antiglobalización a la nueva gobernanza. Madrid: Instituto Español de Estudios Estratégicos; 2017. Retrieved from: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/ articulo?codigo=6231816 [Accessed: October 20, 2018]

[12] Roudometof V. Glocalization. A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge; 2016

[13] Mattelart A. La mundialización de la comunicación. Barcelona: Paidós; 1998

[14] Wolton D. Internet ¿y después? Barcelona: Gedisa; 2000

[15] Rosenfeld M. El nacimiento y la evolución de los derechos humanos en Estados Unidos. Cuadernos Constitucionales de la Cátedra Fadrique Furió Ceriol.1997. pp. 18-19

[16] Mill JS. On Libert. London: John Parker and Sohn; 1859

[17] Fernández Rodríguez JJ. Reflexiones sobre Internet y los derechos fundamentales. In: Bagni S, Pegoraro L, editors. Internet, decentramento, diritti. Bologna: CLUEB; 2006

[18] Hick S, Halpin EF, Hoskins E, editors. Human Rights and the Internet. London: MacMillan; 2000

[19] Smith G. Content on the Internet. Law, Regulation, Convergence and Human Rights. International Law and the Hague's 750th Anniversary. Barcelona: Gedisa; 1999

[20] O'Neil M, Frayssé O, editors. Digital Labour and Prosumer Capitalism: The US Matrix. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan; 2015

[21] Jordán Correa D, Arias Valladolid C, Samaniego Rivas G. La participación del prosumidor en la nueva era de la comunicación. INNOVA Research Journal. 2017;**11**:179-185. Retrieved from: http://www.journaluidegye.com/ magazine/index.php/innova/article/ view/556 [Accessed: October 25, 2018]

[22] Llaneza González P. Internet y comunicaciones digitales. Barcelona: Bosch; 2000

[23] Castells M. La era de la información. Vol. 2. El poder de la identidad. Madrid: Alianza; 1998

[24] Fernández Rodríguez JJ. Secreto e intervención de las comunicaciones en Internet. Madrid: Thomson-Civitas; 2004

[25] Pollicino O, Romeo G. The Internet and Constitutional Law. London: Routledge; 2016

[26] Jewkes Y, Yar M. Handbook of Internet Crime. London: Routledge; 2011

[27] Kumar AP. Cyber Law. A View to Social Security. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform; 2009

[28] Féral-Schuhl C. Cyberdroit. 2nd ed. Paris: Dalloz; 2000

[29] Habermas J. Theorie Des Kommunikativen Handelns. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp; 1981

[30] Luppicini R, Baard R. Digital Media Integration for Participatory Democracy. Hershey: IGI Global; 2017

[31] Hern A. Cambridge Analytica: How did it turn clicks into votes? The Guardian. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian. com/news/2018/may/06/

cambridge-analytica-how-turn-clicksinto-votes-christopher-wylie [Accessed: August 24, 2018]

[32] Deibert R. Black code redux: Censorship, surveillance, and the militarization of cyberspace. In: Boler M, editor. Digital Media and Democracy. Tactics in Hard Times. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2008

[33] Hopkins N. Militarisation of cyberspace: How the global power struggle moved online. The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www. theguardian.com/technology/2012/ apr/16/militarisation-of-cyberspacepower-struggle [Accessed: August 24, 2018]

[34] Castells M. Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication. 2007;**1**:238-266. Retrieved from: https://ijoc.org/ index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/46/35 [Accessed: August 25, 2018]

[35] Feezell JT. Agenda setting through social media: The importance of incidental news exposure and social filtering in the digital era. Political Research Quarterly. 2017;**71**:482. DOI: 10.1177/1065912917744895

[36] BBC. Fake news a democratic Crisis for UK, MPS warn. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/ technology-44967650?intlink\_from\_ url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/ c81zyn0888lt/facebook-cambridgeanalytica-data-scandal&link\_ location=live-reporting-story [Accessed: August 26, 2018]

[37] Pew Research Center. Activism in the Social Media Age. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/07/11/ activism-in-the-social-media-age/ [Accessed: September 13, 2018]

cambridge-analytica-how-turn-clicksinto-votes-christopher-wylie [Accessed:

[32] Deibert R. Black code redux: Censorship, surveillance, and the militarization of cyberspace. In: Boler M, editor. Digital Media and Democracy. Tactics in Hard Times. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2008

[33] Hopkins N. Militarisation of cyberspace: How the global power struggle moved online. The Guardian.

Retrieved from: https://www. theguardian.com/technology/2012/ apr/16/militarisation-of-cyberspacepower-struggle [Accessed: August 24,

[34] Castells M. Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal of Communication. 2007;**1**:238-266. Retrieved from: https://ijoc.org/ index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/46/35

[Accessed: August 25, 2018]

10.1177/1065912917744895

August 26, 2018]

[36] BBC. Fake news a democratic Crisis for UK, MPS warn. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/ technology-44967650?intlink\_from\_ url=https://www.bbc.com/news/topics/ c81zyn0888lt/facebook-cambridgeanalytica-data-scandal&link\_

location=live-reporting-story [Accessed:

[37] Pew Research Center. Activism in the Social Media Age. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2018/07/11/ activism-in-the-social-media-age/ [Accessed: September 13, 2018]

[35] Feezell JT. Agenda setting through social media: The importance of incidental news exposure and social filtering in the digital era. Political Research Quarterly. 2017;**71**:482. DOI:

2018]

August 24, 2018]

[20] O'Neil M, Frayssé O, editors. Digital Labour and Prosumer Capitalism: The US Matrix. Basingstoke: Palgrave

[21] Jordán Correa D, Arias Valladolid C, Samaniego Rivas G. La participación del prosumidor en la nueva era de la comunicación. INNOVA Research Journal. 2017;**11**:179-185. Retrieved from: http://www.journaluidegye.com/ magazine/index.php/innova/article/ view/556 [Accessed: October 25, 2018]

[22] Llaneza González P. Internet y comunicaciones digitales. Barcelona:

[23] Castells M. La era de la información. Vol. 2. El poder de la identidad. Madrid:

[24] Fernández Rodríguez JJ. Secreto e intervención de las comunicaciones en Internet. Madrid: Thomson-Civitas; 2004

[25] Pollicino O, Romeo G. The Internet and Constitutional Law. London:

[26] Jewkes Y, Yar M. Handbook of Internet Crime. London: Routledge; 2011

[27] Kumar AP. Cyber Law. A View to Social Security. Create Space

Independent Publishing Platform; 2009

[28] Féral-Schuhl C. Cyberdroit. 2nd ed.

Kommunikativen Handelns. Frankfurt:

MacMillan; 2015

Bosch; 2000

Alianza; 1998

Routledge; 2016

Paris: Dalloz; 2000

Suhrkamp; 1981

[29] Habermas J. Theorie Des

[30] Luppicini R, Baard R. Digital Media Integration for Participatory Democracy. Hershey: IGI Global; 2017

[31] Hern A. Cambridge Analytica: How did it turn clicks into votes? The Guardian. 2018. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian. com/news/2018/may/06/

**86**
